Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Empagliflozin | Dapagliflozin | ASD |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 72,752 | N = 72,752 | ||
| Age, years | 56.1 ± 11.1 | 55.8 ± 11.0 | 0.027 |
| Sex, male | 42,300 (58.1) | 42,403 (58.3) | 0.003 |
| Index year | |||
| 2016 | 12,664 (17.41) | 12,034 (16.54) | 0.023 |
| 2017 | 31,230 (42.93) | 32,412 (44.55) | 0.033 |
| 2018 | 28,858 (39.67) | 28,306 (38.91) | 0.016 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128.3 ± 14.8 | 128.3 ± 14.9 | 0.003 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.6 ± 10.1 | 78.7 ± 10.0 | 0.007 |
| Body mass index, kg/m 2 | 26.9 ± 4.0 | 26.9 ± 4.0 | 0.014 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 7.1 ± 5.5 | 7.0 ± 5.5 | 0.027 |
| Low income | 14,722 (20.2) | 14,711 (20.2) | 0.001 |
| Urban residents | 31,151 (42.8) | 31,040 (42.7) | 0.003 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoker | 39,035 (53.7) | 38,965 (53.6) | 0.002 |
| Ex-smoker | 16,097 (22.1) | 16,077 (22.1) | 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 17,620 (24.2) | 17,710 (24.3) | 0.003 |
| Alcohol drinking status | |||
| Never drinker | 42,604 (58.6) | 42,427 (58.3) | 0.005 |
| Mild drinker (< 30 g/day) | 24,067 (33.1) | 24,157 (33.2) | 0.003 |
| Heavy drinker (≥ 30 g/day) | 6081 (8.4) | 6168 (8.5) | 0.004 |
| Regular exercise | 15,177 (20.9) | 15,110 (20.8) | 0.002 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 42,455 (58.4) | 41,905 (57.6) | 0.015 |
| Dyslipidemia | 53,277 (73.2) | 52,890 (72.7) | 0.012 |
| Heart failure | 3723 (5.1) | 3539 (4.9) | 0.012 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2051 (2.8) | 1865 (2.6) | 0.016 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 16,281 (22.4) | 16,018 (22.0) | 0.009 |
| Ischemic stroke | 2074 (2.9) | 2003 (2.8) | 0.006 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1893 (2.6) | 1739 (2.4) | 0.014 |
| COPD | 7068 (9.7) | 6917 (9.5) | 0.007 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 608 (0.8) | 622 (0.9) | 0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 2172 (3.0) | 2111 (2.9) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||
| ARB/ACE inhibitor | 38,370 (52.7) | 37,886 (52.1) | 0.005 |
| Beta-blocker | 7896 (10.9) | 7522 (10.3) | 0.017 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 23,434 (32.2) | 23,240 (31.9) | 0.006 |
| Diuretics | 10,092 (13.9) | 9878 (13.6) | 0.008 |
| GLD before SGLT2 inhibitor use | |||
| Metformin | 68,099 (93.6) | 68,210 (93.8) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 39,391 (54.1) | 38,980 (53.6) | 0.011 |
| Meglitinides | 357 (0.5) | 329 (0.5) | 0.006 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 10,861 (14.9) | 10,682 (14.7) | 0.007 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 45,776 (62.9) | 45,476 (62.5) | 0.009 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 1544 (2.1) | 1491 (2.1) | 0.005 |
| Insulin | 10,615 (14.6) | 10,668 (14.7) | 0.002 |
| GLP-1 agonist | 626 (0.9) | 608 (0.8) | 0.002 |
| Number of GLD ≥ 3 | 34,403 (47.3) | 34,023 (46.8) | 0.010 |
| GLD combined with SGLT2 inhibitor | |||
| Metformin | 61,507 (84.5) | 61,710 (84.8) | 0.008 |
| Sulfonylurea | 28,394 (39.0) | 28,182 (38.7) | 0.006 |
| Meglitinides | 28 (0.04) | 24 (0.03) | 0.005 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 1221 (1.7) | 1136 (1.6) | 0.010 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 5386 (7.4) | 5528 (7.6) | 0.008 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 120 (0.2) | 102 (0.1) | 0.005 |
| Insulin | 5620 (7.7) | 5846 (8.0) | 0.012 |
| GLP-1 agonist | 51 (0.07) | 60 (0.08) | 0.004 |
| Numbers of GLD ≥ 3 | 30,266 (41.6) | 29,917 (41.1) | 0.010 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 92.6 ± 48.2 | 92.9 ± 47.2 | 0.007 |
| < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5358 (7.4) | 4872 (6.7) | 0.026 |
| 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 32,281 (44.4) | 32,378 (44.5) | 0.003 |
| ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 35,113 (48.3) | 35,502 (48.8) | 0.011 |
| Urine protein by dipstick test | |||
| Negative | 62,278 (85.6) | 62,300 (85.6) | 0.001 |
| Trace | 3699 (5.1) | 3824 (5.3) | 0.008 |
| Positive | 6775 (9.3) | 6628 (9.1) | 0.007 |
| Serum laboratory test | |||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 157.0 ± 55.2 | 157.5 ± 55.8 | 0.008 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 182.0 ± 46.0 | 183.0 ± 46.2 | 0.021 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 14.4 ± 1.6 | 14.4 ± 1.6 | 0.018 |
Data are presented as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ASD absolute standardized difference, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLD glucose-lowering drug, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, SGLT2 sodium-glucose co-transporter-2