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. 2023 Jul 12;8(29):26533–26547. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03326

Table 2. Reported Toxicities and Typical Uses of the Selected HBAs and HBDs^b.

#	constituent	toxicity (LD₅₀: mg/kg)^a	typical uses
A6	betaine	10,800	flavoring agents
A9	choline chloride	3900	flavoring agents and agrochemicals
D5	oxalic acid	2268	indirect food additive
D7	ethanolamine	700	agricultural chemicals, lubricants, surface-treating agents, solvents
D11	gallic acid	5000	flavoring agents, drugs
D13	citric acid	7280	flavoring agents, food additives, cosmetics, drugs
D15	triethyleneglycol	20,000	cleaning products, household care, microbicides

^a

50% of lethal dose.

^b

Data were obtained from the PubChem Database.¹¹⁶