Table 1.

Characteristics of beneficiaries across high-need, high-cost subpopulations

	Adults under 65 with disability	Older adults with frailty	Beneficiaries with major complex chronic conditions
Beneficiaries assigned to primary care clinic (n)	331 371	258 894	263 062
Mean age (SD)	52.4 (9.8)	81.7 (8.5)	79.5 (7.9)
Sex (%)
Male	48.1	33.1	47.4
Female	51.9	66.9	52.6
Race (%)
Non-Hispanic white	67.3	81.7	83.4
Non-Hispanic black	19.4	9.1	7.5
Hispanic	9.4	5.8	5.7
Other	3.9	3.4	3.5
Original reason for entitlement (%)
Old age and survivor’s insurance	–	86.4	85.0
Disability insurance benefits (DIB)	96.4	13.3	14.6
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)	1.4	0.2	0.2
Both DIB and ESRD	2.2	0.2	0.2
Region (based on practice location) (%)
Northeast	18.7	21.3	19.5
Midwest	19.0	17.1	17.2
South	45.8	44.8	44.7
West	15.2	15.7	17.5
Select chronic conditions
Number of chronic conditions (SD)	3.5 (2.7)	6.8 (3.0)	7.2 (2.5)
Acute myocardial infarction (%)	0.7	1.8	2.1
Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (%)	5.1	45.9	27.1
Atrial fibrillation (%)	2.8	20.3	33.6
Chronic kidney disease (%)	19.0	44.4	51.8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%)	15.6	25.1	33.2
Heart failure (%)	12.9	42.1	56.5
Diabetes (%)	33.8	42.6	46.7
Ischaemic heart disease (%)	21.8	55.1	80.7
Depression (%)	36.0	35.3	28.0
Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis (%)	33.8	64.4	46.3
Stroke/transient ischaemic attack (%)	3.7	12.1	10.6
Asthma (%)	14.7	16.2	21.8
Hyperlipidaemia (%)	42.9	58.8	72.2
Hypertension (%)	54.5	83.4	88.0

P values were statistically significant at p<0.001 when comparing across the three subpopulations across all categories.