Table 3.
Correlation between parental homework involvement and students' mathematics achievement: Univariate analysis of variance for the moderator variables (categorical variables).
| Between-group effect (QBET) | k | Mean r | SE | 95% CI for r | Homogeneity test within each group (QW) | I2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supportive parental homework involvement (SPI) | |||||||
| Measuring tools | |||||||
| Type of SPI | 6.216* | ||||||
| Autonomy support | 7 | 0.133 | 0.002 | [0.084, 0.181] | 10.759 | 44.234 | |
| Content support | 11 | 0.049 | 0.004 | [−0.002, 0.099] | 59.650*** | 83.236 | |
| Provision of structure | 4 | −0.009 | 0.049 | [−0.243, 0.227] | 6.914 | 56.609 | |
| Questionnaire reporter | 0.084 | ||||||
| Students | 18 | 0.062 | 0.003 | [0.020, 0.104] | 83.367*** | 79.608 | |
| Parents | 4 | 0.156 | 0.008 | [0.058, 0.252] | 6.047 | 50.389 | |
| Math achievement indicators | 6.830** | ||||||
| Standardized measurement | 13 | 0.036 | 0.005 | [−0.019, 0.091] | 66.662*** | 81.999 | |
| Non-standardized measurement | 9 | 0.123 | 0.001 | [0.087, 0.159] | 11.271 | 29.024 | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Culture | 0.088 | ||||||
| Individualism | 18 | 0.079 | 0.003 | [0.033, 0.125] | 61.717*** | 72.455 | |
| Collectivist | 4 | 0.064 | 0.009 | [−0.028, 0.155] | 32.114*** | 90.658 | |
| Grade level | 6.682 | ||||||
| Primary school | 8 | 0.058 | 0.007 | [−0.020, 0.135] | 33.240*** | 78.941 | |
| Middle school | 12 | 0.073 | 0.004 | [0.022, 0.124] | 45.821*** | 75.994 | |
| High school | 1 | 0.150 | 0.000 | [0.066, 0.232] | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Study attributes | |||||||
| Publication type | 3.970* | ||||||
| Journal | 19 | 0.082 | 0.003 | [0.043, 0.121] | 89.562*** | 79.902 | |
| Doctoral dissertation | 3 | −0.129 | 0.033 | [−0.322, 0.075] | 1.092 | 0.000 | |
| Intrusive parental homework involvement (IPI) | |||||||
| Measuring tools | |||||||
| Type of IPI | 0.004 | ||||||
| Controlling | 10 | −0.154 | 0.018 | [−0.259, −0.045] | 135.507*** | 93.358 | |
| Interference | 9 | −0.149 | 0.018 | [−0.260, −0.034] | 161.821*** | 95.056 | |
| Questionnaire reporter | 0.327 | ||||||
| Students | 12 | −0.183 | 0.014 | [−0.274, −0.089] | 196.375*** | 94.398 | |
| Parents | 7 | −0.098 | 0.027 | [−0.238, 0.046] | 93.107*** | 93.556 | |
| Math achievement indicators | 1.420 | ||||||
| Standardized measurement | 11 | −0.108 | 0.023 | [−0.228, 0.014] | 226.109*** | 95.577 | |
| Non-standardized measurement | 8 | −0.198 | 0.010 | [−0.281, −0.112] | 67.928*** | 89.695 | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Culture | 70.039*** | ||||||
| Individualism | 18 | −0.193 | 0.009 | [−0.257, −0.128] | 222.015*** | 92.343 | |
| Collectivist | 1 | 0.757 | 0.000 | [0.617, 0.851] | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Grade level | 21.041*** | ||||||
| Primary school | 10 | −0.093 | 0.029 | [−0.228, 0.046] | 232.716*** | 96.133 | |
| Middle school | 4 | −0.228 | 0.005 | [−0.300, −0.153] | 15.680** | 80.868 | |
| High school | 1 | −0.360 | 0.000 | [−0.432, −0.284] | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Study attributes | |||||||
| Publication type | 0.994 | ||||||
| Journal | 18 | −0.158 | 0.012 | [−0.232, −0.081] | 295.303*** | 94.243 | |
| Doctoral dissertation | 1 | −0.053 | 0.000 | [−0.241, 0.139] | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.