Table 1.
Paradigms assessing Social & Non-Social Stimuli, Facial Emotion, and Emotional Self-Regulation.
| Study and Participants1 | Paradigm and Results |
|---|---|
| Social & Non-Social Stimuli: RDoC Communication and Other | |
| McAdams & Krawczyk (2011) [29]; Adults: recAN (n=17; 26.2 years; BMI 19.7); CW (n=17; 24.7 years; BMI 23.4) |
Paradigm: Decided if shapes either imaged as People were friends or as Bumper Cars had same mass. Results: CW had stronger neural activations in IFG, TPJ, STS, FG than recAN. |
| Schulte-Rüther et al. (2012) [31]; Adolescents: adolAN (n=19; 15.7 years; BMI 15.3); adolCW (n=21; 15.8 years; BMI 22.7) |
Paradigm: Same as [29]. Results: AdolCW with stronger neural activation for social condition in TP than adolAN; activation in MPFC related to clinical outcome. |
| McAdams & Krawczyk (2013) [30]; Adults: recAN (n=18; 26.1 years; BMI 19.8); cBN (n=17; 28.1 years; BMI 22.1); CW (n=18; 24.5 years; BMI 23.2) |
Paradigm: Same as [29]. Results: CW with stronger neural activations for social condition in TPJ than recAN and cBN. |
| Leslie et al. (2020) [33]; Mixed: cAN (n=67; 18.7 years; BMI 16.6); recAN (n=49; 19.7 years; BMI 20.0); CW (n=70; 19.6 years; BMI 22.8) |
Paradigm: Passive viewing of animations moving randomly, with non-social motion, and with social interactions. Results: No differences in the three groups. |
| Ruan et al. (2022) [32]; Adolescents: adolAN (n=18; 15.7 years; BMI 15.8); adolCW-a (n=18; 15.8 years; BMI 22.3); adolBN (n=16; 17.8 years; BMI 20.2); adolCW-b (n=18, 17.5 years; BMI 22.5) |
Paradigm: Same as [29]. Results: adolCW-a with stronger neural activations in TPJ, PreC relative to adolAN at both time points; adolBN with increased neural responses in TP relative to adolCW-b |
| Facial Emotion: RDoC Communication and Other | |
| Ashworth et al. (2011) [39]; Adults: cBN (n=12; 27.4 years; BMI NR); CW (n=16; 24.4 years; BMI NR) |
Paradigm: Emotion matching task with disgust faces, angry faces, or shape orientation. Results: CW with elevated activity in the PreC for both angry and disgust faces and elevated AMY for angry relative to cBN. |
| Fonville et al. (2014) [34]; Adults: cAN (n=31; 23 years; BMI 15.9); CW (n=35; 25 years; BMI 21.9) |
Paradigm: Implicit facial emotion processing task with neutral, slightly happy, or happy faces; participants judged face gender. Results: More FG in cAN than CW; more lingual/cingulate in CW than cAN. |
| Leppanen et al. (2017) [37]; Adults: cAN (n=21; 25 years; BMI 15.8); CW (n=26; 25.5 years; BMI 19.9) |
Paradigm: Viewing happy, sad, neutral faces of infants. Contrasted happy to neutral and sad to neutral. Results: cAN more AMY and DLPFC for happy relative to neutral faces; cAN more left INS than CW for sad relative to neutral faces. |
| Leppanen et al. (2017) [36]; Adults: cAN (n=20; 28.6 years; BMI 15.9); CW (n=20; 25.8 years; BMI 21.1) |
Paradigm: Viewing happy, fearful, and neutral faces. Contrasted happy to neutral and fearful to neutral. Results: cAN more INS for happy relative to neutral than CW; cAN with less AMY & VLPFC for fearful relative to neutral than CW |
| Lulé et al. (2021) [35]; Adolescents: adolAN (n=11; 16.4 years; BMI 17.6); adolCW (n=11; 16.5 years; BMI 21.4) |
Paradigm: Viewing emotional (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust) faces with variable intensity. Results: adolAN has reduced left MCC for faces in general. Also adolAN with less R DS and R FG for happy faces, and less MPFC and IFG for fearful faces. No differences for disgust, surprise, anger or sadness. |
| Halls et al. (2021) [38]; Mixed: cAN (n=57; 19.4 years; BMI 16.4); recAN (n=60; 18.4 years; BMI 20.4); CW (n=69; 19.4 years; BMI 22.8) |
Paradigm: Same stimuli as [34] and [36]. Results: No whole brain differences across groups. Increased connectivity for recAN relative to CW from occipital face area to frontal regions for happy stimuli |
| Emotional Regulation: RDoC Self | |
| Seidel et al. (2018) [41]; Adolescents: adolAN (n=36; 16.6 years; BMI 14.7); adolCW (n=36; 16.9 years; BMI 20.7) |
Paradigm: Viewing of negative, neutral, positive images with directive to either ‘watch’ or ‘distance’ for positive and negative images. Arousal ratings after images. Results: Differences on passive viewing with more AMY and bilateral DLPFC in cAN for negative pictures; no differences when regulating |
| Pauligk et al. (2021) [42]; Adolescents: adolAN (n=36; 16.5 years; BMI 14.4); adolCW (n=36; 16.7 years; BMI 20.3) |
Paradigm: Passive viewing of negative and neutral images, as well as directed down-regulation of emotional responses to negative images. Task repeated at baseline and in two weeks, and correlated with ecological momentary assessments of psychopathology. Results: Increased reactivity of the bilateral AMY in cAN compared to CW persisted at re-exposure to previously watched negative and neutral pictures. EMA data suggesting that DLPFC at baseline related to increased AMY to negative images at follow-up. |
| Seidel et al. (2022) [44]; Adults: recAN (n=41; 22.1 years; BMI 20.7); CW (n=41; 22.0 years; BMI 21.9) |
Paradigm: Viewing of negative, neutral, positive images with directive to either ‘watch’ or ‘distance’ for positive and negative images. Arousal ratings after images. Results: No differences. |
| Steward et al. (2022) [43]; Adults: cAN (n=21; 22 years; BMI 16.3); CW (n=22; 22 years; BMI 21.0) |
Paradigm: Viewing of negative or neutral pictures with three directives “Look Neutral”, “Look Negative”, “Regulate Negative”. Results: cAN with less DLPFC when regulating emotions; also less connectivity DLPFC to AMY during regulation; DLPFC activity increased with weight. |
| D’Agata et al. (2021) [45]; Adults: cAN (n=25; 22 years; BMI 16.1); cBN (n=19; 22 years; BMI 21.9); CW (n=20; 23 years; BMI 21.5) |
Paradigm: Viewed emotional sentences and asked to imagine one’s own response, and match that with faces showing anger, fear, disgust or neutral. Results: No differences across the three groups. |
Abbreviations: AN – anorexia nervosa; cAN – adults with AN; adolAN – adolescents with AN; recAN – recovered from AN; BN – bulimia nervosa; cBN – adults currently with BN; adolBN – adolescents with BN; CW – comparison women; adolCW – comparison adolescent women. Neural regions: medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), precuneus (PreC), middle cingulate (MCC), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus (STS), temporal pole (TP), fusiform gyrus (FG), dorsal anterior cingulate (DACC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), insula (INS), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala (AMY), dorsal striatum (DS).