Table 4A.
Overview inflammatory biomarkers associated with progression across the AD spectrum.
| Biomarker | Study | Quality | Cohort (n) | Age (y) | MMSE | Follow-up cohorts | Associated clinical outcome measure (follow-up time): statistical analysis | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCP-1 (CCL2) | Westin, 2012 | L | MCI (119) | 74.0 64.0 |
26.7 27.3 |
MCI-AD (47) sMCI (52) |
Time to progression MCI-AD (60m): MCP-1 > 757 pg/ml | Shorter than MCP-1 < 757 pg/ml |
| Time to progression MCI-AD (60m): MCP-1° | Shorter | |||||||
| YKL-40 (CHI3L1) | Swanson, 2016 | L | MCI (135) | 74.6 74.8 | 26.9 27.0 |
MCI-AD (47) sMCI (82) |
BL CSF levels in MCI-AD (24m) | Similar to sMCI |
| Kester, 2015 | M | MCI (53) | 70.0 64.0 | 26.0 28.0 |
MCI-AD (36) sMCI (17) |
BL CSF levels in MCI-AD (32.4m) | Higher than sMCI | |
| Risk of progression (32.4my) | HR = 1.003 | |||||||
| NPTX2 | Swanson, 2016 | L | MCI (135) | 74.6 74.8 | 26.9 27.0 |
MCI-AD (47) sMCI (82) |
BL CSF levels in MCI-AD (24m) | Lower than sMCI |
| OPN | Sun, 2013 | M | MCI (31) | 72.0 73.0 |
27.9 27.1 |
MCI-AD (13) sMCI (18) |
BL CSF levels in MCI-AD (36m) | Similar to sMCI |
| BL CSF levels in MCI-AD (36m) | Lower than FUP CSF levels MCI-AD | |||||||
| sTNFR1 score | Hu, 2021 | H | MCI (174) | 75.2 | NR | MCI-AD (99) sMCI (75) |
Risk of progression (60m): High-AD + High sTNFR1 score | HR = 0.541 |
| Time to progression (60m): High-AD + High sTNFR1 score | Longer than Low sTNFR1 score | |||||||
| ysTNFR1 score | Hu, 2021 | H | MCI (174) | 75.2 | NR | MCI-AD (99) sMCI (75) |
Likelihood progression (60m): High-pTau181 + High ysTNRF1 score | Lower than Low ysTNFR1 score |
| MCI (49) | 69.3 | NR | MCI-AD (18) sMCI (31) |
Likelihood progression (43m): High-pTau181 + High ysTNRF1 score | Lower than Low ysTNFR1 score | |||
| TNFR1 | Zhao, 2020 | L | MCI (116) | 74.2 | 26.8 | MCI-AD (64) sMCI (52) |
Progression free survival time (30.2m): High TNFR1$ | Shorter than Low TNFR1 |
| Progression free survival time (30.2m): TN-, High TNFR1$ | Shorter than Low TNFR1 | |||||||
| Progression free survival time (30.2m): TN+, High TNFR1$ | Similar to Low TNFR1 | |||||||
| TNFR2 | Zhao, 2020 | L | MCI (116) | 74.2 | 26.8 | MCI-AD (64) sMCI (52) |
Progression free survival time (30.2m): High TNFR2$ | Longer than Low TNFR2 |
| Progression free survival time (30.2m): TN-, High TNFR2$ | Longer than Low TNFR2 | |||||||
| Progression free survival time (30.2m): TN+, High TNFR2$ | Similar to Low TNFR2 |
AD, Alzheimer’s Disease; BL, Baseline; CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid; FUP, Follow-up; H, High quality; HR, Hazard Ratio; L, Low quality; m, months; M, Moderate quality; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCI-AD, MCI with AD diagnosis at follow-up; sMCI, stable MCI at follow-up. TN, Tau pathology. Significant p-values are marked in bold; °Multivariate analyses; $ Cut-off values not reported.