Table 3.
Dietary intake of participants across tertiles of DQI among overweight and obese women (n = 197).
| Mean ±SD | P-value | P-value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 66) | T2 (n = 65) | T3 (n = 66) | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2,406.0 ± 753.3 | 2,785.5 ± 731.8 | 2,715.5 ± 658.3 | 0.041 | – |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Protein (g/d) | 80.6 ± 34.8 | 92.8 ± 27.2 | 97.8 ± 22.6 | 0.028 | 0.189 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 309.9 ± 93.6 | 393.0 ± 107.6 | 422.4 ± 122.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Total fat (g/d) | 100.0 ± 35.6 | 103.1 ± 35.4 | 80.8 ± 20.4 | 0.006 | < 0.001 |
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 258.3 ± 144.8 | 261.0 ± 104.9 | 220.9 ± 64.9 | 0.233 | 0.006 |
| SFA (g/d) | 31.5 ± 15.1 | 28.0 ± 9.7 | 23.1 ± 5.6 | 0.006 | < 0.001 |
| MUFA (g/d) | 35.0 ± 13.3 | 33.2 ± 11.5 | 26.4 ± 7.0 | 0.003 | < 0.001 |
| Linoleic acid (g/d) | 18.5 ± 8.6 | 19.0 ± 8.9 | 15.1 ± 5.4 | 0.079 | 0.007 |
| Linolenic acid (g/d) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.684 | 0.170 |
| Fe (mg/d) | 15.6 ± 4.9 | 20.0 ± 5.7 | 21.5 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1,011.7 ± 399.8 | 1,192.1 ± 398.2 | 1,295.8 ± 365.4 | 0.006 | 0.039 |
| Mg (mg/d) | 386.5 ± 134.4 | 479.5 ± 126.0 | 531.7 ± 141.6 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Zn (mg/d) | 11.4 ± 4.3 | 13.6 ± 4.2 | 14.4 ± 4.0 | 0.006 | 0.025 |
| Selenium (mg/d) | 102.2 ± 31.4 | 129.7 ± 42.2 | 135.0 ± 53.9 | 0.001 | 0.029 |
| Vitamin A (RAE/d) | 713.0 ± 460.7 | 837.2 ± 365.9 | 838.6 ± 343.7 | 0.262 | 0.889 |
| β carotene | 4,591.3 ± 3,540.6 | 5,416.5 ± 2,478.6 | 6,361.9 ± 3,234.0 | 0.048 | 0.195 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 0.049 | 0.226 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 18.2 ± 107 | 19.1 ± 9.6 | 15.6 ± 6.0 | 0.248 | 0.126 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.009 | 0.074 |
| Folate (μg/d) | 522.3 ± 147.7 | 614.4 ± 168.4 | 713.2 ± 183.7 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 2.9 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 0.294 | 0.302 |
| Total fiber (g/d) | 34.7 ± 15.0 | 46.5 ± 15.9 | 55.1 ± 17.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Food groups | |||||
| Refined grain (g/d) | 352.8 ± 148.9 | 456.9 ± 234.7 | 494.0 ± 276.3 | 0.015 | 0.068 |
| Whole grain (g/d) | 4.2 ± 4.8 | 6.1 ± 9.1 | 12.4 ± 15.1 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 359.5 ± 215.2 | 585.7 ± 312.9 | 590.1 ± 337.9 | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 343.2 ± 230.3 | 486.7 ± 234.2 | 549.8 ± 267.2 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Nuts (g/d) | 13.7 ± 17.6 | 15.4 ± 17.1 | 17.3 ± 18.7 | 0.677 | 0.621 |
| Dairy (g/d) | 319.0 ± 205.7 | 404.3 ± 225.5 | 432.3 ± 227.6 | 0.059 | 0.213 |
| Legumes (g/d) | 46.1 ± 27.1 | 45.6 ± 35.3 | 77.4 ± 56.6 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.
Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
*Adjusted for energy intake.
Bold values indicate P-value < 0.05 significant.