. 2023 Jul 27;13:12176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38837-9

Table 4.

Plasma ALT and AST activities, biomarkers of kidney functions (creatinine and urea), plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (IR) of different sub-groups.

Group	ALT (IU/L)	AST (IU/L)	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Urea (mg/dL)	Glucose (mg/dl)	Insulin (µIU/ml)	IR
NC	33.9^a ± 1.37	75.2^a ± 1.57	0.631^a ± 0.010	31.9^a ± 0.84	74.8 ^a ± 1.37	14.5 ^a ± 0.7	2.6 ^a ± 0.11
MC	63.9^b ± 1.83	144.5^b ± 2.47	0.800^b ± 0.013	48.5^b ± 1.42	119.2^b ± 3.80	20.7^b ± 0.6	6.1^b ± 0.26
A	51.4^c ± 0.85	105.3^c ± 2.62	0.660^ac ± 0.015	39.0^c ± 0.89	85.3^c ± 2.22	19.3^b ± 0.6	4.1^c ± 0.17
N1	42.3^d ± 0.86	107.3^cd ± 3.01	0.664^ac ± 0.020	39.8^c ± 1.06	80.1^d ± 0.98	19.8^b ± 0.6	3.9^c ± 0.13
NN1	42.5^d ± 0.93	103.8^c ± 1.57	0.670^ac ± 0.014	39.9^c ± 0.49	78.5^d ± 1.07	19.8^b ± 0.5	3.8^c ± 0.12
N2	47.5^e ± 0.75	121.9f. ± 1.66	0.713^d ± 0.020	45.5^d ± 0.44	84.2^c ± 1.10	19.8^b ± 0.6	4.1^c ± 0.13
NN2	46.1^e ± 1.11	121.2f. ± 2.54	0.708^d ± 0.080	43.9^d ± 0.33	85.3^c ± 0.79	20.0^b ± 0.4	4.2^c ± 0.09
AN1	40.8^d ± 0.52	88.7^e ± 1.89	0.632^a ± 0.010	34.6^e ± 0.81	74.8^a ± 0.92	16.7^c ± 0.3	3.1^d ± 0.08
ANN1	42.2^d ± 1.18	89.7^e ± 0.91	0.629^a ± 0.010	34.2^ae ± 1.02	73.9^a ± 1.04	16.9^c ± 0.3	3.1^d ± 0.08
AN2	46^e ± 1.26	108.6^cd ± 1.86	0.690^cd ± 0.010	39.1^c ± 0.86	83.0^c ± 1.10	19.0^b ± 0.4	3.8^c ± 0.11
ANN2	47.0^e ± 0.90	112.6^d ± 1.04	0.670^cd ± 0.010	40.5^c ± 0.85	82.1^c ± 1.37	18.8^b ± 0.7	3.9^c ± 0.15

Values are expressed as means ± SE (n = 8). Significance was considered at p < 0.05 within columns where different letters indicate statistical significance.

NC control normal, MC metabolic syndrome control, A rats given atorvastatin drug, N1 rats received nutraceutical 1, NN1 rats treated with nutraceutical 1nanostructure, N2 rats received nutraceutical 2, NN2 rats given nutraceutical 2 nanostructure, AN1 rats taken atorvastatin drug with nutraceutical 1, ANN1 rats given atorvastatin drug with nutraceutical 1 nanostructure, AN2 rats treated with atorvastatin drug with nutraceutical 2, ANN2 rats received atorvastatin drug with nutraceutical 2 nanostructure, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, IR insulin resistance.