Fig. 2.

Warburg effect advantage for cancer cells—biomass and NADPH production. The main metabolic pathways contributing to biomass production in a cancer cell as nucleotide synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, serine synthesis, glutaminolysis, cholesterol synthesis, and fatty-acid synthesis are presented. In addition, the inhibitors of enzymes/proteins involved in the Warburg effect together with their targets are presented on the graph. ADP adenosine diphosphate, ATP adenosine triphosphate, GAPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1, HK-2 hexokinase-2, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A, MCT-4 monocarboxylate transporter 4, NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form, NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form, PFKFB3 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, PKM2 pyruvate kinase M2, TCA tricarboxylic acid, THF tetrahydrofolate