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. 2023 Jul 4;50(8):7069–7088. doi: 10.1007/s11033-023-08583-2

Table 1.

Classifications, chemical properties, and sources of the most common EDs

EDC General Chemical Structure Group Route of exposure Sources Half-life
BPA graphic file with name 11033_2023_8583_Figa_HTML.gif Bisphenols/plasticizers Ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption Polycarbonate plastics, thermal paper, epoxy resins, plastic toys, and bottles, lining of food cans. 4–5 h
DEHP graphic file with name 11033_2023_8583_Figb_HTML.gif Phthalates/ plasticizers Ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption Medical devices, artciles made of PVC. 4–8 h
DDT graphic file with name 11033_2023_8583_Figc_HTML.gif Organochloride/pesticides Ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption Contaminated water, soil, fish. 6–10 years
TCDD graphic file with name 11033_2023_8583_Figd_HTML.gif Dioxin Ingestion, inhalation Combustion of fossil fuels, incineration processes. 1.6–3.2 years

BPA Bisphenol A, DEHP Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PVC Polyvinyl chloride