TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population at the first hospitalization.
| Total | PIM-Taiwan | Beers | PRISCUS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| 206,058 | 133,201 (64.6) | 147,450 (71.6) | 97,790 (47.5) | |
| Age | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 72.5 ± 6.5 | 72.5 ± 6.4 | 72.5 ± 6.4 | 72.7 ± 6.4 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 102,547 (49.8) | 64,304 (48.3) | 72,954 (49.5) | 47,820 (48.9) |
| Female | 103,511 (50.2) | 68,897 (51.7) | 74,496 (50.5) | 49,970 (51.1) |
| Geographic region | ||||
| Taipei district | 68,735 (33.4) | 42,767 (32.1) | 48,550 (32.9) | 32,285 (33.0) |
| North district | 28,176 (13.7) | 18,034 (13.5) | 20,088 (13.6) | 13,083 (13.4) |
| Central district | 36,294 (17.6) | 24,659 (18.5) | 26,994 (18.3) | 17,874 (18.3) |
| South district | 33,624 (16.3) | 21,956 (16.5) | 24,069 (16.3) | 15,964 (16.3) |
| Kaohsiung/Pingtung district | 33,186 (16.1) | 21,745 (16.3) | 23,497 (15.9) | 15,749 (16.1) |
| East district | 6,043 (2.9) | 4,040 (3.0) | 4,252 (2.9) | 2,835 (2.9) |
| Income | ||||
| <22,000 | 50,899 (24.7) | 33,986 (25.5) | 37,227 (25.3) | 25,592 (26.2) |
| ≥22,000 | 155,159 (75.3) | 99,215 (74.5) | 110,223 (74.8) | 72,198 (73.8) |
| CCI score | ||||
| 0 | 109,100 (53.0) | 64,669 (48.6) | 70,596 (47.9) | 45,580 (46.6) |
| 1 | 56,367 (27.4) | 39,175 (29.4) | 43,841 (29.7) | 29,177 (29.8) |
| 2 | 23,682 (11.5) | 16,994 (12.8) | 18,982 (12.9) | 13,175 (13.5) |
| ≥3 | 16,909 (8.2) | 12,363 (9.3) | 14,031 (9.5) | 9,858 (10.1) |
| Comorbidity a | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 2,236 (1.1) | 1,526 (1.2) | 1,965 (1.3) | 1,126 (1.2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 10,788 (5.2) | 8,097 (6.1) | 8,846 (6.0) | 6,268 (6.4) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4,049 (2.0) | 2,842 (2.1) | 3,197 (2.2) | 2,211 (2.3) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 26,309 (12.8) | 18,104 (13.6) | 21,489 (14.6) | 16,058 (16.4) |
| Dementia | 6,873 (3.3) | 4,859 (3.7) | 5,197 (3.5) | 4,432 (4.5) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 37,250 (18.1) | 26,480 (19.9) | 28,212 (19.1) | 19,458 (19.9) |
| Rheumatic disease | 3,478 (1.7) | 2,584 (1.9) | 2,669 (1.8) | 1,954 (2.0) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 37,970 (18.4) | 28,020 (21.0) | 30,034 (20.4) | 20,540 (21.0) |
| Mild liver disease | 17,117 (8.3) | 12,040 (9.0) | 12,846 (8.7) | 8,535 (8.7) |
| Diabetes without chronic complication | 47,561 (23.1) | 33,624 (25.2) | 38,861 (26.4) | 24,668 (25.2) |
| Diabetes with chronic complication | 14,090 (6.8) | 10,067 (7.6) | 11,750 (8.0) | 7,674 (7.9) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 950 (0.5) | 582 (0.4) | 721 (0.5) | 553 (0.6) |
| Renal disease | 138,47 (6.7) | 9,535 (7.2) | 10,790 (7.3) | 7,675 (7.9) |
| Any malignancy, including lymphoma and leukemia, except malignant neoplasm of skin | 4,637 (2.3) | 2,947 (2.2) | 3,158 (2.1) | 2,154 (2.2) |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 271 (0.1) | 189 (0.1) | 201 (0.1) | 94 (0.1) |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 187 (0.1) | 121 (0.1) | 122 (0.1) | 85 (0.1) |
| AIDS/HIV | 26 (0.0) | 14 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) |
| Drug-drug Interaction | 35,828 (26.9) | 39,692 (26.9) | 28,779 (29.4) | |
| Polypharmacy b | 42,711 (32.1) | 47,917 (32.5) | 35,839 (36.7) |
PIM, potentially inappropriate medication; SD, standard deviation; CCI, charlson comorbidity index.
a
Within the 1 year before the first hospitalization.
b
Polypharmacy (>5 medications).