Table A4.
Studies Using Self-Paced Occlusion With an Occluded Default Setting
| Reference | Occlusion Method | Driving Environment | N | Objective |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senders et al. (1967), setup II | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | open motorway and test track | 5 | estimate how attentional demand vary with combinations of road, vehicle, and speed |
| Farber and Gallagher (1972) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | closed road | 6 | effect of degraded visibility conditions on steering and control tasks |
| Hicks and Wierwille (1979) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.2 s), total field on screen | sim motion base | 30 | assessment of methods to detect changes in driver workload |
| Godthelp et al. (1984) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.55 s), total field of view | closed motorway | 6 | relationship of TLC to occlusion and TLC as driving performance measure |
| Blaauw et al. (1984) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.55 s), total field of view | closed motorway | 12 | supervisory role of the driver in lateral position control |
| Godthelp and Käuppler (1988) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.55 s), total field of view | closed motorway | 6 | using TLC for improved understanding of the relation between vehicle handling, lateral control and occlusion |
| Krammes et al. (1995) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | test track | 55 | visual demand in relation to curve radius |
| Mourant and Ge (1997) | self-paced onset, presumably self-paced duration, total field on screen | sim fixed base VR | 8 | quantification of attentional demand as function of speed, curvature, oncoming traffic |
| de Vos and Godthelp (1999) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration, total field of view | closed motorway | 8 | reduced visual demands with lane keeping support |
| Tsimhoni and Green (1999) a | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base | 24 | visual demand of driving in curves with different radii |
| Anderson et al. (2000), study I | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | open motorway and test track | 24 | assess driver workload imposed by roadway geometric features |
| Anderson et al. (2000), study III a | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base | 24 | simulator validity with respect to visual demand in curves |
| Courage et al. (2000) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | sim fixed base | 10 | differences in attentional demand due to speed, curvature, lane width |
| Wooldridge et al. (2000) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | open motorway and test track | 24 | assess driver workload imposed by roadway geometric features |
| Hoedemaker and Kopf (2001) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), central field of view | test track | 24 | changes in visual demand with adaptive cruise control |
| Steele and Gillespie (2001) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (1.0 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base desktop | 22 | reduced visual demand with haptic lateral guidance |
| Backs et al. (2003) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base | 15 | relate visual demand with cardiac measures of workload |
| Easa and Ganguly (2005) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | sim fixed base desktop | 9 | effects of complex horizontal highway alignments on visual demand |
| Griffiths and Gillespie (2005) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (1.0 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base desktop | 11 | reduced perceptual demands with haptic lateral guidance |
| Easa and He (2006) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field of view | sim fixed base desktop | 15 | effects of 3D highway alignments on visual demand |
| Chen and Milgram (2011), experiment I–III | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.25 s, .5 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 4.0 s), total field of view | test track | 12 | how to select open duration in occlusion experiments |
| Chen and Milgram (2011), experiment IV | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.25 s, .5 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 4.0 s), total field of view | sim fixed base | 12 | how to select open duration in occlusion experiments |
| Chen and Milgram (2013) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (1.0 s), total field of view | closed motorway | 6 | prediction of lane deviation depending on occlusion duration |
| Mars et al. (2014) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (1.0 s), total field on screen | sim fixed base | 22 | changes in visual demand with the amount of haptic lateral guidance |
| Kujala et al. (2016) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.5 s), total field on screen | sim moving base | 97 | correspondence between information density and occlusion distance |
| Pekkanen et al. (2017) | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.3 s), central field on screen | sim fixed base desktop | 18 | time headway selection varies as a function of driver capability to maintain a preferred task difficulty |
| Pekkanen et al. (2018) a | self-paced onset, fixed open duration (.3 s), central field on screen/windshield | sim fixed base VR + test track | 40 | visual sampling is driven by uncertainty |
Note. aEye- tracking was used simultaneously with occlusion.