Table 2.
Direct and indirect effects of perceived stress and problem-solving appraisal on PTSD.
| Effect | B | SE | 95% CI | β | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct effects | |||||
| Stress → PTSD | 0.72 | 0.06 | [0.59, 0.84] | 0.51 | <0.001 |
| Problem-solving appraisal → PTSD | 0.15 | 0.05 | [0.06, 0.24] | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| PSC → PTSD | 0.32 | 0.13 | [0.07, 0.57] | 0.14 | 0.013 |
| AAS → PTSD | −0.13 | 0.09 | [−0.30, 0.06] | −0.07 | 0.18 |
| PC → PTSD | 0.75 | 0.20 | [0.36, 1.14] | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Indirect effects | |||||
| Stress → problem-solving appraisal → PTSD | 0.23 | 0.15 | [0.07, 0.38] | 0.08 | — |
| Stress → PSC → PTSD | 0.21 | 0.09 | [0.04, 0.40] | 0.07 | — |
| Stress → AAS → PTSD | −0.05 | 0.05 | [−0.17, 0.02] | −0.02 | — |
| Stress → PC → PTSD | 0.27 | 0.08 | [0.11, 0.44] | 0.09 | — |
Abbreviations: AAS, approach-avoidance style; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; PC, personal control; PSC, problem-solving confidence.