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. 2023 Apr 29;10(21):2300670. doi: 10.1002/advs.202300670

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Mechanical stimulation on immune cell behaviors by hydrogel‐based platforms. 3D bar graphs of mechanical stimulation on A) macrophage and B) lymphocyte for various cell activities and biomedical applications. The research conditions are evaluated based on h‐index of each field calculated by paper publication and citation data from Scopus. C) Macrophages seeded on stiff gelatin‐based hydrogels (GelMA) tend to M1 phenotype with increased spreading, while more macrophage infiltration but thinner fibrotic capsule formation is observed on soft surfaces. Reproduced with permission.[ 269 ] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. D) Immunofluorescence confocal images of YAP clusters in macrophages cultured on gels. YAP nuclear localization elevates with the increase of gel stiffness.[ 270 ] Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science. E) Schematic illustration and images of hydrogel‐integrated culture device for T cell activation by tuning matrix stiffness and ligand density. Adapted with permission.[ 279 ] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. F) Average division index and representative plots of CD25 expression of CD4+ T cell. Increased gel stiffness promotes CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduces the threshold dose of the required ligand. (Data are shown as means ± SEM, n ≥ 3.) Reproduced with permission.[ 262 ] Copyright 2020, eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. G) Schematic illustration that substrate stiffness impacts dendritic cell metabolism and function through the Hippo‐signaling factor (TAZ) and ion channel (Piezo1). Reproduced with permission.[ 282 ] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.