Table 2.

The stimulation amplitude/parameter of dynamic mechanical stimulation

Cell type	Dynamic mechanical stimuli	Mechanical stimulation amplitude/parameter	Induced cell behaviors	Refs.
Fibroblast	Dynamic stress	3‐day cyclic loading, 0.1 Hz	Enhanced proliferation, skin substitute production	[227]
	Matrix stretching	Cyclic equibiaxial stretching (7%, 15%, or 20% at 1 Hz)	Increased collagen production, α‐SMA expression	[231]
		2–16% cyclic stretch, 6 or 24 h day−1, 8 days	Increased collagen density	[228]
	Compression	5, 15, 25, 35 g cm−2, 24 h	Max proliferation at 25 g cm−2	[340]
Epithelial cell	Stretching	20% strain, 45 min, 0.5 Hz	Cell reorientation (transverse to stretching direction)	[258]
		10%‐strain stretching	Epithelial crack and healing	[259]
		0–15% cyclic strain, 0.2 Hz	Increased cell–cell interaction	[260]
	Compression	Loaded with 150 g weights	Improve skin reconstitution	[341]
Endothelial cell	Flow‐induced shear stress	>10 dyn cm−2	Sprouting, matrix invasion	[342]
		20 dynes cm−2 steady shear	Reduced endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition	[325]
		1.2 Pa laminar fluid shear	Retarded elongation, alignment	[330]
Mesenchymal stem cell	Compression	10% peak compressive sinusoidal strain, 1 Hz, 5% compressive tare strain	Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation, survival	[196]
		0–2.5% strain, 1 Hz, 1‐h ON +23‐h OFF	Distinct collagen expression, mineral deposits	[197]
		10 kPa, 0.25 Hz, 1 h day−1, start day 1 or 21	Regulated chondrocyte markers, hypertrophy	[199]
	Stretching	±1%/2 days, 4–16%, 50% ON/OFF (3, 6, or 9 h)	Optimal regime for MSC matrix production	[190]
	Vibration	0.3, 3, or 6 g loads, 100 Hz	Enhanced osteogenesis (low/medium), inhibited (high)	[173]
	Force loading	1.6 pN per microparticle, 0.1 Hz	Increased MSC behaviors, osteogenesis, reduced chondrogenesis	[153]