Table 1.
Characteristics of isolated forearm technique responders and non-responders. One subject who did not receive propofol for induction received etomidate. Ten subjects were intubated without the administration of a neuromuscular blocking drug. ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CI, confidence interval; IQR, inter-quartile range; NMBD, neuromuscular blocking drug.
| Responders |
Non-responders |
Or [95% CI] | Difference [95% CI] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Median (IQR) | n (%) | Median (IQR) | |||
| Age (yr) | 33 (27–36) | 31 (25–36) | –1.0 [–2.9, 1.0] | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 31 | 201 | 2.6 [1.01, 7.8] female vs male | |||
| Male | 6 | 100 | ||||
| BMI (kg m−2) | 28 (23–39) | 26 (24–33) | –0.9 [–3.7, 1.7] | |||
| ASA physical status | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |||
| Preoperative | ||||||
| Anxiety | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–6) | 0.0 [–1.0, 1.0] | |||
| Pain | 1 (1–2.5) | 1 (1–3) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |||
| History of awareness during anaesthesia | 1 (2.7) | 4 (1.3) | 2.0 [0.04, 22] | |||
| Chronic medications | ||||||
| Beta-blocker | 2 (5.4) | 7 (2.3) | 2.4 [0.23, 13] | |||
| Total medications | 1 (0–2.75) | 1 (0–2) | 0.0 [–1.0, 0.0] | |||
| Induction medications | ||||||
| Benzodiazepine (mg) | ||||||
| Alprazolam | 1 (2.7) | 0.5 | 8 (2.6) | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 1.0 [0.0, 8.1] | 0 |
| Midazolam | 16 (43.2) | 2 (2–2) | 151 (50.1) | 2 (2–2) | 0.85 [0.1, 39] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| Opioid (μg) | ||||||
| Alfentanil | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 750 | |||
| Fentanyl | 23 (64.9) | 100 (50–200) | 193 (64.1) | 100 (100–150) | 0.9 [0.4, 2.0] | 0.0 [–49, 25] |
| Remifentanil | 0 | 14 (4.6) | 200 (163-2400) | 0.0 [0.0, 2.5] | ||
| Sufentanil | 9 (24.3) | 10 (10–15) | 76 (25.2) | 20 (15-20) | 1.0 [0.4, 2.2] | 5.0 [0.0, 9.9] |
| Propofol (mg kg−1) | 37 (100) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 300 (99.7) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 0.1 [–0.1, 0.3] | |
| Ketamine (mg) NMBD (mg) | 2 (5.4) | 43 (35–50) | 6 (3.3) | 25 (21–25) | 2.8 [0.3, 16] | –19 [–10, –30] |
| Atracurium | 2 (5.4) | 30 (30–30) | 15 (5.0) | 35 (30–40) | 0.9 [0.1, 4.0] | 5.0 [-5.0, 20] |
| Rocuronium | 32 (86.5) | 50 (40–50) | 229 (76.0) | 50 (40–50) | 1.9 [0.7, 6.6] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| Vecuronium | 2 (5.4) | 8.5 (8–9) | 16 (5.3) | 7 (6–8) | 1.0 [0.1, 4.6] | –1.8 [–5.0, 4.0] |
| Succinylcholine | 1 (2.7) | 100 | 16 (5.3) | 110 (100–152) | 0.5 [0.1, 3.4] | 10 [0.0, 100] |
| Continuous anaesthetic exposure | 13 (35.1) | 164 (54.5) | 0.5 [0.2, 0.98] | |||
| Time between induction and laryngoscopy (s) | 240 (185–293) | 226 (186–288) | –9.0 [–39, 19] | |||
| Laryngoscopy attempts | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |||
| Movement in response to laryngoscopy | 28 (75.7) | 126 (41.9) | 4.2 [1.8, 10.7] | |||