Table 1.
Relevance of Mg deficiency in various pathological abnormalities as investigated in animal model and clinical trials
| Biomarkers | Findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| ↑IL-1a, IL-6, NO, and VCAM | Mg deficiency promoted inflammation and angiogenesis. Low content of Mg provoked increased level of IL-1a, IL-6, NO, and VCAM | [82] |
| ↑MCP-1, MT, RANTES | Decreased level of Mg in erythrocytes of atherosclerotic patients. Decreased NK cells cytotoxicity potential | [83] |
| Alkaline phosphatase | Reduction in dietary Mg by 50% resulted in reduced bone mineral content and the volume of distal femur | [84] |
| Elastin/collagen ratio | Long term Mg deficiency in diet results in cardiovascular risk in rats | [85] |
| Plasma IL-6, fibrinogen, and erythrocytic lysophosphatidylcholine | Long term Mg deficiency in diet of aging rats is related to high blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative distress | [85, 86] |
| CRP, IL-6, TNF-α R2, soluble VCAM-1 | Dietary Mg connectivity to inflammatory biomarkers and endothelial dysfunction in post-menopausal women in a cohort study | [87] |
| IL-8, NF-kB | Potential interplay of NF-kB and PPARY in cultured human endothelial cells | [88] |
| IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha | Dietary Mg deficiency was induced in rodents to execute inflammatory responses as evidenced with high levels of ILs in circulation | [89] |
| ROS, ↑ 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanine, and ↑ IL-1 and IL-6 | Low Mg was related to aging, oxidative distress, atherosclerosis, and other vascular disorders. | [90] |
| Markers not reported | Mg sulfate reduced asthma in patients not responding to conventional medicine and steroidal drugs. Similarly, 68% of children hospitalization was reduced by Mg sulfate | [91] |
| Markers not reported | Intravenous administration of Mg sulfate reduced acute asthmatic inflammation when not responded to the first-line treatment | [92] |
| IL-6, ↑ alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein and ↑ fibrinogen | Inflammatory responses in response to acute deficient Mg in rat | [93] |
| ↓ IL-6, CRP, and NF-kB | Clinically, Mg was recommended in covid-19 infected patients. | [95] |
| Serum Mg level | No positive correlation between Mg deficiency and covid-19 infected myocardial diseases. | [97] |
| A comprehensive review report | Mg deficiency is linked to diabetes, heart failure, and other cardiac issues | [40] |
CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, Mg, magnesium; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO, nitric oxide; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule