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. 2023 Jul 27;16:253. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05855-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Technical aspects of the study and the related animal clinical detection indicators. A The study was primarily divided into a pre-treatment and Eimeria challenge experiment, respectively. In the pre-treatment experiment, a control group and three treatment groups were set up, with the latter including immunization with avian coccidiosis vaccine (Pre-Vac group), supplementation to feed of the probiotic product Fengqiang Shengtai quadruple probiotic preparation (Pre-BLES group) and combined administration of Vac and BLES (Pre-Vac-BLES group). In the chicken coccidia vaccine immune experiment, production performance was measured in broilers at different time points between the age of 25 and 55 days, and the intestinal contents were collected at the age of 8 and 15 days for intestinal microbial community sequencing. In the challenge experiment, based on the immune test, all groups were challenged with Eimeria spp. at 25 days of age. After Eimeria spp. challenge, the Pre-Vac, Pre-BLES and Pre-Vac-BLES groups were redefined and referred to as the Vac-Eimeria, BLES-Eimeria and Vac-BLES-Eimeria groups, respectively. At the same time, the Eimeria group that was infected with Eimeria spp. and the control group that was not infected were also set up. In the challenge experiment, fecal oocyst counts, lesion scoring and intestinal pathological section detection were performed. Accordingly, the intestinal contents were collected for bacterial population sequencing when broilers were 32 days old. B–D Production performance of the broilers after immune treatment. E, F Clinical pathological parameters of the broilers after Eimeria challenge: E results of the oocytes per gram statistics; F scoring results on pathological changes in the different intestinal segments. Analysis of the difference in results was performed according to different ages. Means denoted by a different superscript letter (a, b) within a variable are significantly different at P < 0.05. Con, Control group; Pre, Pre-treatment