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. 2023 Jul 27;16:253. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05855-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Composition of the intestinal microbiota in each subgroup of immunization experiment. The microbial community composition of the intestinal contents in the treatment groups at 8 and 15 days of age are described at the phylum level (A) and the genus level (B) using the trans_abund and in microeco package (v.0.7.1). C ASV taxa in each test group at 8 and 15 days of age are shown as unique and shared components using trans_venn function. 08, 15, Life stage (in number of days) at which analysis was performed; BLES, Fengqiang Shengtai quadruple probiotic preparation; Con, control group; Pre, pre-treatment groups; Vac, vaccine against avian coccidiosis