Table 5. Crude and adjusted odds ratio of the ordered logistic regression model using the Personal Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) score as the dependent variable.
*Statistically significant
| Variables (n=243) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
| Race | ||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||
| Asian | 1.656 (0.919, 2.983) | 0.1299 | 0.390 (0.188, 0.811) | 0.012* |
| Black | 9.699 (3.451, 17.263) | <0.001* | 0.091 (0.027, 0.304) | <0.001* |
| Others | 1.476 (0.679, 3.206) | 0.1276 | 0.553 (0.239, 1.279) | 0.166 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | ||
| Hispanic | 0.924 (0.511, 1.672) | 0.7950 | 2.018 (0.882, 4.618) | 0.0964 |
| Bills (could not afford to pay past or upcoming bills) | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.375 (0.215, 0.653) | <0.001* | 3.051 (1.665, 5.591) | <0.001* |
| Academic performance | ||||
| Neutral | Reference | Reference | ||
| Strongly agree | 0.118 (0.052, 0.265) | <0.001* | 7.236 (3.168, 12.530) | <0.001* |
| Somewhat agree | 0.455 (0.209, 0.990) | 0.0025 | 1.796 (0.816, 3.900) | 0.146 |
| Somewhat disagree | 2.607 (0.847, 8.026) | 0.009* | 0.339 (0.107, 1.074) | 0.066 |
| Strongly disagree | 4.734 (1.367, 12.399) | <0.001* | 0.228 (0.068, 0.835) | 0.025* |