Figure 1.

Evolution of sequencing technologies. The development of sequencing technologies over the past four decades can be categorized into three generations. The first generation was represented by Sanger sequencing, providing the foundation for DNA sequencing. The second generation introduced massively parallel sequencing with platforms such as Illumina and Ion Torrent, enabling high-throughput sequencing. The current third generation includes PacBio and Nanopore, offering long-read and single-molecule sequencing capabilities.