Table 2.

Terpenoids’ effects on GSH metabolism.

Terpenoids	Effects on GSH Metabolism	Model	References
Oridonin	Inhibition of GGT1 activity, GSH synthesis, and GPX4 expression; Induction of ferropototic death	TE1 cells	[105,106]
18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid	Downregulation of SLC7A11 expression; Reduction in GSH content and GPx activity; Increase in oxidative stress; Ferroptosis activation	MDA-MB-231 cells	[107]
Betulinic acid (Betula etnensis Raf. Extract)	Depletion of intracellular GSH; Lipoperoxidation; Upregulation of HO-1 expression; Ferroptosis induction Increase GSH in plasma and tissue; LOOH reduction	Caco-2, cells, In vivo	[101,118]
Elemene	Decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio; Downregulation of SLC7A11, GS and glutaminase; Upregulation of GCLM	A549 and PC9 cells, In vivo	[110]
Total terpenoids of Inula japonica Thunb	Stimulation of GSH synthesis; Upregulation of GCLC and GCLM	In vivo	[111]
Carvacrol	Increase in GSH and GST levels	In vivo	[113]
Glycyrrhetinic acid and paeoniflorin	Upregulation of GCLC and GCLM	SH-SY5Y cells, In vivo	[114]
D-limonene	Increase in GSH levels and GPX enzyme activity; GR activity reduction	In vivo	[117]
Britanin	Enhancement of GSH levels and GPX activity	In vivo	[120]
Tanshinone IIA	Increase in GSH content and GCLC activity	H9c2 cells, In vivo	[121]
Hymenoxon and helenalin	Hepatic glutathione depletion	In vivo	[98]
Obacunone	GSH bioactivation	In vivo, Human liver microsomes	[122]