Table 2.

Mechanical property requirements of fibers based on biomedical applications.

Strength	Definition	Biomedical Material Classes	Refs.
Tensile strength	It is determined as the material’s capacity to resist forces applied in the longitudinal axis.	Co-Cr, Ti-alloys and stainless steel are materials with high tensile strength, while ceramic and polymer biomaterials exhibit reduced strength. Therefore, natural biopolymers must fulfill a maximum or optimum percentage of elongation, Young’s modulus, yield, and ultimate tensile strength regarding the long-term use of biomaterials.	[80]
Flexural strength	It is defined as the material’s ability to resist the deformation under load.	Zirconia-based ceramics are commonly used in restorative dentistry due to their excellent esthetics and biocompatibility properties. The flexural strength of these materials is a crucial mechanical property that determines their ability to withstand occlusal forces and resist fractures. Flexural Young’s modulus, flexural loading, and strength parameters should be studied for the natural polymer as a biomaterial candidate.	[81]
Impact strength	It is evaluated by four failure modes and analyzes the toughness and notch sensitivity.	These properties influence the product’s safety in use as well as its liability. Impacted properties are related to the service life and performance of the product.	[82]
Thermal strength	The ability of the fiber to withstand high temperatures without performance failure	In natural fibers, hemicellulose, cellulose, and pectin are sensitive to different temperature ranges. Therefore, they may be altered by chemical or physical processes.	[83]