Figure 1.

Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. Oxidative stress leads to the overexpression of inflammatory factors, which destroy the intestinal barrier and cause opportunistic pathogens to invade the mucosa, exacerbating the vicious cycle. Probiotics stimulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes and relieve IBD by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Superoxide (O₂·⁻), peroxy radical (RO₂·), hydroxyl radical (HO·), hydroperoxy radical (HO₂·), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and glutathione (GSH).