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. 2023 Jul 19;12(7):1453. doi: 10.3390/antiox12071453

Table 1.

Effects of extrusion on the phenolic compounds content.

Food Matrix Experiment Conditions Effect Ref.
Extrusion Parameters Sample Total Phenols Total Flavonoid
Rice with pea and carob fruit
  • -

    twin–screw extruder, medium rate of 25 kg/h, screw diameter of 25 mm, final barrel temperature of 125 °C, speed of 900–950 rpm;

  • -

    water at a rate of 2.50 (sample without carob), 3.00 (sample with 5% carob), and 3.22 kg/h (sample with 10% carob).
  • -

    20% pea 0% carob

  • -

    20% pea 5% carob

  • -

    20% pea 10% carob

  • -

    40% pea 0% carob

  • -

    40% pea 5% carob

  • -

    40% pea 10% carob

 2.68 to 2.19 1 ↓
3.51 to 3.68 1 ↑
4.12 to 4.00 1 ↓
3.46 to 3.21 1 ↓
3.53 to 4.95 1 ↑
3.89 to 5.55 1 ↑		 0.03 to 0.02 2 ↓
0.04 to 0.05 2 ↑
0.08 to 0.06 2 ↓
0.01 to 0.03 2 ↑
0.02 to 0.06 2 ↑
0.04 to 0.08 2 ↑		 [22]
Corn grits with turmeric, ginger, bay leaf, or laurel
  • -

    13% moisture, temperature of 180 °C, screw speed of 700 rpm, 3 mm diameter die, feeding rate 3 kg/min.
  • -

    control (corn)

  • -

    3% laurel

  • -

    3% turmeric

  • -

    3% ginger

  • -

    3% mixture (1:1:1)

 180.37 to 21.63 3 ↓
214.55 to 119.38 3 ↓
212.65 to 182.32 3 ↓
246.98 to 125.92 3 ↓
224.72 to 139.66 3 ↓		 57.79 to 76.6 2 ↑
205.75 to 221.03 2 ↑
282.31 to 141.00 2 ↓
250.87 to 90.10 2 ↓
246.31 to 103.68 2 ↓		 [75]
Maize and bean
  • -

    single-screw laboratory extruder, 19 mm diameter screw, 3 mm die diameter, barrel temperature of 164 °C, screw speed of 187 rpm.
  • -

    70% maize + 30% bean flour

 260.83 to 256.69 3 ↓ 87.37 to 86.23 3 ↓ [72]
Pearl millet with almond cake
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, with circular die of 3 mm diameter, temperature of 60 °C in the first step and 80 °C in the second one, 120 °C for the last step, 450 rpm speed.
  • -

    80% pearl millet + 20% almond cake

 60.34 to 56.91 3 ↓ 20.65 to 18.29 3 ↓ [76]
Rice
  • -

    co-rotating twin-screw extruder, 15.5% and 16% of feed moisture, 159 and 150 °C for the 4th barrel zone temperature for black and red rice, respectively.
  • -

    black rice

  • -

    red rice

 569.29 to 180.71 4 ↓
425.74 to 100.21 4 ↓		 496.89 to 153.71 1 ↓
280.40 to 99.10 1 ↓		 [66]
Chokeberry pomace powder
  • -

    co-rotating twin-screw extruder, screw diameter of 25.5 mm, 7 sections, feedingJuly 2023 rate of 9 and 8 kg/h, 13% and 23% moisture, die of 3 mm diameter, temperature steps of 40/60/80/100/100/100 °C.
  • -

    200 rpm, 13% moisture

  • -

    400 rpm, 13% moisture

  • -

    800 rpm, 13% moisture

  • -

    800 rpm, 23% moisture

 55.00 to 62.00 1 ↑
55.00 to 67.00 1 ↑
55.00 to 73.00 1 ↑
55.00 to 64.00 1 ↑		 18.00 to 6.10 1 ↓
18.00 to 4.30 1 ↓
18.00 to 2.40 1 ↓
18.00 to 5.80 1 ↓		 [77]
Maize
  • -

    single-screw extruder, zones temperatures of 60/70/80/−90 °C, die diameter of 5 mm, screw speed of 60 rpm.
  • -

    20% moisture

  • -

    25% moisture

  • -

    30% moisture

 129.60 to 95.20 4 ↓
129.60 to 88.50 4 ↓
129.60 to 97.90 4 ↓		 0.11 to 0.08 1 ↓
0.11 to 0.07 1 ↓
0.11 to 0.07 1 ↓		 [65]
Mulberry varieties leaf
  • -

    tween-screw extruder, barrel temperature of 100 °C, pressure of 40~50 bar, screw speed of 50 rpm
  • -

    Cheongol

  • -

    Iksu

  • -

    Cheongil

 14.48 to 31.14 5 ↑
11.96 to 15.72 5 ↑
11.17 to 23.96 5 ↑		 8820 to 19,680 2 ↑
8770 to 22,120 2 ↑
12,260 to 22,020 2 ↑		 [78]
Corn with defatted soy and spinach
  • -

    single-screw extruder, screw speed of 140 rpm, die diameter of 2 mm, temperature profile of 120/150/170/150 °C, feed rate of 300 g/ min
  • -

    Control (corn)

  • -

    40% soy + 10% spinach

  • -

    30% soy + 20% spinach

  • -

    20% soy + 30% spinach

  • -

    10% soy + 40% spinach

 1.16 to 0.93 1 ↓
3.36 to 2.68 1 ↓
4.52 to 3.61 1 ↓
5.30 to 4.24 1 ↓
6.24 to 4.99 1 ↓		 0.58 to 0.47 1 ↓
1.23 to 0.98 1 ↓
1.75 to 1.40 1 ↓
2.26 to 1.80 1 ↓
2.58 to 2.06 1 ↓		 [79]
Fenugreek seed and leaf, oat, pea, rice, and corn
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, feed moisture content of 12%, barrel temperatures of 110 °C, screw speed 200 rpm.
  • -

    22% oat flour + 9% green pea flour + 2% fenugreek seed + fenugreek leaf flour 0.70% + 53.04% rice + 13.26% corn;

 - 1.00 to 0.80 1 ↓ [80]
Mustard meal concentrate
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, barrel temperature of 100–150 °C, screw speed 250–350 rpm, moisture of 12–18%.
  • -

    5% mustard meal

  • -

    10% mustard meal

  • -

    15% mustard meal

 76.47 to 75.11 3 ↓
84.49 to 82.63 3 ↓
110.76 to 108.54 3 ↓		 - [81]
Cassava-soy composite with grape pomace
  • -

    co-rotating twin-screw extruder, 5 heating areas at 60/80/100/140/140 °C, water 3 L/h, feed rate of 25 kg/h, die diameter of 3 mm, screw speed of 200 rpm.
  • -

    0% grape pomace

  • -

    10% grape pomace

  • -

    20% grape pomace

 2.1 to 0.9 1 ↓
5.5 to 3.5 1 ↓
7.7 to 5.9 1 ↓		 - [74]
Corn flour with pea protein, broccoli, lucerne, beetroot, rosehip, turmeric, chili, paprika, and basil
  • -

    single-screw laboratory extruder, screw diameter of 19 mm, 4 heating areas (50/100/140/140 °C), die diameter of 4 mm, screw speed of 100 rpm, and feeding speed of 20 rpm;
  • -

    Control (corn)

  • -

    2% pea

  • -

    5% broccoli

  • -

    5% lucerne

  • -

    15% beetroot

  • -

    15% rosehip

  • -

    2% chili

  • -

    2% turmeric

  • -

    2% paprika

  • -

    2% basil

 95.23 to 55.78 1 ↓
98.62 to 72.97 1 ↓
122.96 to 94.73 1 ↓
100.77 to 81.17 1 ↓
213.01 to 172.29 1 ↓
260.30 to 312.02 1 ↑
98.05 to 80.05 1 ↓
104.11 to 77.49 1 ↓
99.15 to 74.81 1 ↓
117.85 to 104.16 1 ↓		 - [82]
Corn with brewer’s spent grain, sugar beet pulp, apple pomace
  • -

    blends with 15% moisture content;

  • -

    single-screw extruder, temperature steps of 135/170/170 °C, compression ratio of 4:1, die of 4 mm diameter.
  • -

    Corn grits

  • -

    5% brewer’s spent grain

  • -

    10% brewer’s spent grain

  • -

    15% brewer’s spent grain

  • -

    5% sugar beet pulp

  • -

    10% sugar beet pulp

  • -

    15% sugar beet pulp

  • -

    5% apple pomace

  • -

    10% apple pomace

  • -

    15% apple pomace

 61.38 to 48.39 3 ↓
65.32 to 53.32 3 ↓
69.74 to 60.10 3 ↓
71.20 to 63.38 3 ↓
53.76 to 51.33 3 ↓
53.30 to 51.04 3 ↓
51.00 to 94.90 3 ↓
240.37 to 167.18 3 ↓
337.86 to 285.36 3 ↓
421.09 to 409.13 3 ↓		 - [83]
Corn, carrot powder, ascorbic acid
  • -

    single-screw extruder, temperature profiles of 135/170/170 °C, 4:1 compression ratio screw, screw speed of 100 rpm, feed rate of 15 rpm.
  • -

    control

  • -

    4% carrot powder

  • -

    6% carrot powder

  • -

    8% carrot powder

 0.73 to 0.51 5 ↓
0.75 to 0.70 5 ↓
0.82 to 0.75 5 ↓
1.01 to 0.87 5 ↓		 - [84]
Quinoa flour
  • -

    moisture adjusted at 18%;

  • -

    twin-screw extruder, temperature of 75 °C, 105 °C, and 135 °C, screw rotation speed of 251–253 rpm, three nozzles of 2.6 mm diameter.
  • -

    quinoa flour

 1.79 to 0.75 5 ↓ - [67]
Corn with pea and rosehip
  • -

    single-screw laboratory extruder, barrel diameter of 19 mm, 3:1 compression ratio, dosing speed of 18 rpm, feed rate of 3.51 kg/h, rotation speed of 150 rpm, temperatures of barrel sections of 25/70/170/175 °C, nozzle diameter of 3 mm.
  • -

    control (corn flour)

  • -

    10% rosehip;

  • -

    10% rosehip + pea protein

 23.68 to 14.40 3 ↓
334.00 to 169.20 3 ↓
272.00 to 169.30 3 ↓		 - [85]
Corn grits with germinated and dehulled chickpea, tomato powder, skim milk
  • -

    single–screw extruder temperatures steps at 100/160/180 °C, respectively, feeding screw speed 160 rpm, barrel screw speed 250 rpm, screw compression 4:1, die diameter of 3 mm.
  • -

    control

  • -

    10% chickpea

  • -

    20% chickpea

  • -

    30 % chickpea

 7.17 to 7.35 5 ↑
9.20 to 3.37 5 ↑
9.76 to 10.38 5 ↑
10.30 to 11.11 5 ↑		 [86]
Corn grits with cocoa husk
  • -

    single-screw extruder, 4:1 screw, die diameter of 4 mm, temperature profile: 135/170/170 °C.
  • -

    control

  • -

    5% cocoa husk

  • -

    10% cocoa husk

  • -

    15% cocoa husk

 55.17 to 48.63 3 ↓
84.37 to 72.25 3 ↓
105.14 to 83.99 3 ↓
109.91 to 105.68 3 ↓		 - [87]
Corn grits with carrot pulp
  • -

    twin-screw extrudeJuly 2023r, die diameter of 3 mm, feeding rate of 36 ± 1 g/min, temperature profile 1 (80/90/100/130/120 °C) and 2 (80/105/130/160/130 °C), screw speed of 125 or 225 rpm.
  • -

    temperature profile 1, 125 rpm

  • -

    temperature profile 1, 225 rpm

  • -

    temperature profile 2, 125 rpm

  • -

    temperature profile 1, 225 rpm

 18.15 to 10.26 5 ↓
18.15 to 9.45 5 ↓
18.15 to 9.60 5 ↓
18.15 to 10.01 5 ↓		 - [88]
Corn grits with tomato powder
  • -

    single-screw polytrophic extruder, screw compression ratio of 3:1, barrel temperatures of 125–145–135 °C, die diameter of 3 mm, screw speed of 120 rpm.
  • -

    Control

  • -

    5% tomato

  • -

    10% tomato

  • -

    15% tomato

  • -

    20% tomato

  • -

    25% tomato

  • -

    30% tomato

 67.1 to 48.8 3 ↓
83.8 to 107.4 3 ↑
84.2 to 173.9 3 ↑
96.3 to 202.7 3 ↑
98.6 to 214.5 3 ↑
103.1 to 223.3 3 ↑
109.7 to 239.6 3 ↑		 - [89]
Lupin seed coat
  • -

    co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder, feed rate of 4 kg/h, variable barrel temperatures (120–150 °C), screw speed of 400 rpm, moisture of 40%.
  • -

    lupin seed coat at 120 °C

  • -

    lupin seed coat at 135 °C

  • -

    lupin seed coat at 150 °C

 54.26 to 47.55 3 ↓
54.26 to 50.32 3 ↓
54.26 to 46.65 3 ↓		 - [90]
Soybean, canola, sunflower cakes
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, temperature profile of 40/60/80/100/130 °C moisture of 17%, feeding rate of 13.2 Kg/h, screw speed of 500 rpm.
  • -

    soybean cake

  • -

    canola cake

  • -

    sunflower cake

 2.5 to 2.6 5 ↑
35.7 to 43.1 5 ↑
25.4 to 8.2 5 ↓		 - [91]
Nut shell
  • -

    twin-screw co-rotating extruder, feed rate of 7.79 kg/h d.m., screw speed of 100–200 rpm, barrel temperature of 33.25–106.75 °C.
  • -

    nut shell at 100 rpm, 40 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 100 rpm, 100 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 150 rpm, 33.25 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 150 rpm, 70 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 150 rpm, 106.75 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 200 rpm, 40 °C

  • -

    nut shell at 200 rpm, 100 °C

 36.14 to 32.82 5 ↓
36.14 to 34.48 5 ↓
36.14 to 21.29 5 ↓
36.14 to 69.83 5 ↑
36.14 to 37.04 5 ↑
36.14 to 34.98 5 ↓
36.14 to 37.34 5 ↑		 - [92]

1—expressed as mg CE (catechin equivalent)/g d.w., 2—expressed as μg QE (querciton equivalent)/g d.w., 3—expressed as mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/100 g, 4—expressed as mg FAE (ferulic acid equivalent)/100 g d.w., 5—expressed as mg GAE/g, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.