Table 2.

Effects of extrusion on the terpene and terpenoid content.

Food Matrix	Experiment Conditions		Terpenes		Ref.
	Extrusion Parameters	Sample	Type	Amount
Corn, carrot powder, ascorbic acid	-single-screw extruder, temperature profiles of 135/170/170 °C, 4:1 compression ratio screw, screw speed of 100 rpm, feed rate of 15 rpm.	-control -4% carrot powder -6% carrot powder -8% carrot powder	9-cis-β-Carotene (mg EβC/kg)	0.00 to 0.00 = 0.52 to 0.00 ↓ 0.44 to 0.44 = 0.74 to 0.79 ↑	[84]
		-control -4% carrot powder -6% carrot powder -8% carrot powder	Lutein (mg/kg)	32.80 to 87.70 ↑ 21.70 to 36.70 ↑ 21.20 to 52.00 ↑ 16.70 to 39.90 ↑
		-control -4% carrot powder -6% carrot powder -8% carrot powder	Zeaxanthin (mg/kg)	32.80 to 42.90 ↑ 25.30 to 29.00 ↑ 19.10 to 24.40 ↑ 25.90 to 25.80 ↓
Quinoa flour	-moisture adjusted at 18%; -twin-screw extruder, temperature of 75 °C, 105 °C, and 135 °C, screw rotation speed of 251–253 rpm, three nozzles of 2.6 mm diameter.	-quinoa flour	Total carotenoids (mg β-carotene/g d.w.)	11.33 to 8.39 ↓	[67]
Corn with pea and rosehip	-single-screw laboratory extruder, barrel diameter of 19 mm, 3:1 compression ratio, dosing speed of 18 rpm, feed rate of 3.51 kg/h, rotation speed of 150 rpm, temperatures of barrel sections of 25/70/170/175 °C, nozzle diameter of 3 mm.	-control (corn flour) -10% rosehip; -10% rosehip + pea protein	Total carotenoids (mg β-carotene/100 g d.w.)	3.75 to 2.11 ↓ 43.74 to 7.85 ↓ 22.73 to 5.76 ↓	[85]
Corn with carrot pomace	-co-rotating twin-screw extruder, screw diameter of 20 mm, 15% moisture of corn-carrot pomace mix, 20 mm 4 individual heating zones (50/100/140/140 °C), die with a diameter of 4.0 mm.	-5% carrot pomace -10% carrot pomace -15% carrot pomace	β-carotene (mg/100 g)	0.34 to 0.26 ↓ 0.53 to 0.29 ↓ 0.96 to 0.34 ↓	[99]
Maize	-single-screw extruder, zones temperatures of 60/70/80/90 °C, die diameter of 5 mm, screw speed of 60 rpm.	-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	Lutein (μg/100 g)	94.30 to 39.50 ↓ 94.30 to 43.0 ↓ 94.30 to 34.0 ↓	[65]
		-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	Zeaxanthin (μg/100 g)	189.70 to 61.0 ↓ 189.70 to 54.00 ↓ 189.70 to 47.70 ↓
		-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	β-carotene (μg/100 g)	15.90 to 11.30 ↓ 15.90 to 8.30 ↓ 15.90 to 6.40 ↓
		-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	Campesterol (mg/100 g)	23.30 to 21.20 ↓ 23.30 to 22.40 ↓ 23.30 to 26.30 ↓
		-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	Stigmasterol (mg/100 g)	13.70 to 12.90 ↓ 13.70 to 14.00 ↓ 13.70 to 15.60 ↓
		-20% moisture -25% moisture -30% moisture	β-sitosterol (mg/100 g)	140.30 to 121.60 ↓ 140.30 to 127.70 ↓ 140.30 to 145.90 ↓
Corn grits with carrot	-twin-screw extruder, die diameter of 3 mm, feeding rate of 36 ± 1 g/min, temperature profile of 80/90/100/130//120 °C, screw speed of 125 rpm	-corn + carrot pulp	β-carotene (μg/g d.w.)	11.13 to 4.23 ↓	[88]
			Lutein (μg/g d.w.)	2.66 to 1.91 ↓
Intermediate wheatgrass	-corotating twin-screw extruder, screw diameter of 20 mm, temperature profile of 50/80/120/150/150/150 °C, screw speed of 200 rpm.	-intermediate wheatgrass	Lutein (μg/g flour)	14.53 to 3.52 ↓	[68]
			Zeaxanthin (μg/g flour)	3.39 to 1.16 ↓
Maize	-co-rotating twin-screw extruder, barrel temperature of 140.7 °C, feed moisture of 20%, screw speed of 400 rpm, 5 mm die diameter	-PVAH 79–100 1 -PVAH 1–26 1 -PVAH 27–49 1 -PVAH 50–75 1	β-Carotene (mg/kg)	0.83 to 0.49 ↓ 0.83 to 0.41 ↓ 0.86 to 0.47 ↓ 0.88 to 0.49 ↓	[100]
		-PVAH 79–100 1 -PVAH 1–26 1 -PVAH 27–49 1 -PVAH 50–75 1	9-cis-β-Carotene (mg/kg)	0.53 to 0.36 ↓ 0.52 to 0.38 ↓ 0.56 to 0.41 ↓ 0.57 to 0.36 ↓
		-PVAH 79–100 1 -PVAH 1–26 1 -PVAH 27–49 1 -PVAH 50–75 1	13-cis-β-Carotene (mg/kg)	0.47 to 0.33 ↓ 0.47 to 0.31 ↓ 0.47 to 0.32 ↓ 0.47 to 0.33 ↓
		-PVAH 79–100 1 -PVAH 1–26 1PVAH 27–49 1 -PVAH 50–75 1	β-Cryptoxanthin (mg/kg)	1.17 to 0.39 ↓ 1.53 to 0.39 ↓ 1.15 to 0.39 ↓ 1.21 to 1.38 ↓
Corn with peach palm	-twin-screw extruder, temperature profile of 30/50/80/90/90/100/100/100/130/130 °C, screw speed of 400 rpm, die diameter of 8 mm, flow rate of 8 kg/h, moisture of 16 g/100 g	-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	Lutein (μg/g d.w.)	0.78 to 1.72 ↑ 0.55 to 1.23 ↑ 1.25 to 0.80 ↓ 0.60 to 1.34 ↑ 0.55 to 0.58 ↑	[101]
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	Zeaxanthin (μg/g d.w.)	1.11 to 3.39 ↑ 0.57 to 1.18 ↑ 1.32 to 1.64 ↑ 1.24 to 1.52 ↑ 0.73 to 0.94 ↑
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	β-cryptoxanthin (μg/g d.w.)	0.42 to 0.78 ↑ 0.50 to 0.52 ↑ 0.36 to 0.47 ↑ 0.45 to 0.58 ↑ 0.22 to 0.47 ↑
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	α-carotene (μg/g d.w.)	0.02 to 0.00 ↓ 0.10 to 0.09 ↓ 0.15 to 0.12 ↓ 0.15 to 0.14 ↓ 0.12 to 0.25 ↑
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	β-carotene (μg/g d.w.)	0.44 to 0.68 ↑ 1.33 to 0.84 ↓ 1.62 to 1.28 ↓ 1.91 to 1.77 ↓ 1.38 to 2.50 ↑
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	13-cis β-carotene (μg/g d.w.)	0.09 to 0.20 ↑ 0.20 to 0.15 ↓ 0.19 to 0.19 = 0.27 to 0.37 ↑ 0.21 to 0.53 ↑
		-100 % corn -15% yellow peach palm -25% yellow peach palm -15% red peach palm -15% red peach palm	9-cis β-carotene (μg/g d.w.)	0.10 to 0.29 ↑ 0.21 to 0.21 = 0.25 to 0.28 ↑ 0.34 to 0.46 ↑ 0.22 to 0.48 ↑
Corn grits with tomato powder	-single-screw polytrophic extruder, screw compression ratio of 3:1, barrel temperatures of 125–145–135 °C, die diameter of 3 mm, screw speed of 120 rpm.	-Control -5% tomato -10% tomato -15% tomato -20% tomato -25% tomato -30% tomato	Lycopene (mg/100 g)	0.2 to 0.2 = 4.6 to 0.4 ↓ 9.7 to 1.6 ↓ 15.7 to 4.1 ↓ 21.4 to 7.8 ↓ 25.2 to 17.9 ↓ 31.2 to 22.3 ↓	[89]

¹—maize variety, = unchanged, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.