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. 2023 Jul 19;12(7):1453. doi: 10.3390/antiox12071453

Table 4.

Effects of extrusion on the fiber content.

Food Matrix Experiment Conditions Effect Ref.
Extrusion Parameters Sample SDF
(%)		 IDF
(%)		 TDF
(%)
Lentil (Lens culinaris L.), wheat bran, apple fiber, NUTRIOSE® corn fiber
  • -

    twin–screw extruder, screw speed of 500 rpm, medium feed rate of 50 kg/h, extrusion temperature of 160 °C, screw diameter of 32 mm.
  • -

    control

  • -

    lentil + wheat bran + apple fiber

  • -

    lentil + wheat bran + NUTRIOSE®

  • -

    lentil + apple fiber + NUTRIOSE®

  • -

    lentil + apple fiber + corn fiber

 0.11 to 0.55 ↑
0.12 to 0.75 ↑
0.27 to 0.31 ↑
0.23 to 0.25 ↑
0.52 to 0.63 ↑		 12.31 to 7.65 ↓
9.20 to 8.64 ↓
11.12 to 7.09 ↓
8.70 to 7.50 ↓
10.81 to 9.97 ↓		 12.42 to 8.20 ↓
9.32 to 9.39 ↑
11.39 to 7.49 ↓
10.13 to 7.75 ↓
10.15 to 10.23 ↑		 [120]
Soybean by-product
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, extrusion temperature 114.57 °C, moisture of 31.37%, screw speed of 182.95 rpm
  • -

    soybean by-product

 2.05 to 12.65 ↑ 60.82 to 50.39 ↓ 63.03 to 63.07 ↓ [126]
Rice, pea, carob
  • -

    twin–screw extruder, medium rate of 25 kg/h, screw diameter of 25 mm, final barrel temperature of 125 °C, speed of 900–950 rpm;

  • -

    water at a rate of 2.50 (sample without carob), 3.00 (sample with 5% carob), and 3.22 kg/h (sample with 10% carob).
  • -

    20% pea 0% carob

  • -

    20% pea 5% carob

  • -

    20% pea 10% carob

  • -

    40% pea 0% carob

  • -

    40% pea 5% carob

  • -

    40% pea 10% carob

 2.58 to 1.06 ↓
3.77 to 3.21 ↓
5.68 to 2.91 ↓
4.07 to 3.59 ↓
3.66 to 3.78 ↑
3.99 to 4.72 ↑		 2.38 to 1.87 ↓
4.08 to 2.41 ↓
5.03 to 4.76 ↓
6.87 to 3.81 ↓
10.48 to 5.60 ↓
11.05 to 5.58 ↓ 		4.96 to 2.93 ↓
7.84 to 5.61 ↓
10.71 to 7.67 ↓
10.94 to 7.40 ↓
14.14 to 9.39 ↓
15.03 to 10.31 ↓		 [119]
Chickpea–rice, passion fruit, and Fibersol®
  • -

    twin-screw laboratory extruder, at a feed rate of 20 kg/h, screw diameter of 12 mm, last barrel section temperature of 140 °C, die diameter of 3.5 mm, screw speed of 500 rpm, 17% moisture.
  • -

    control

  • -

    20% passion fruit, 5% Fibersol®

  • -

    12.5% passion fruit, 5% Fibersol®

  • -

    5% passion fruit, 5% Fibersol®

  • -

    20% passion fruit, 7.5% Fibersol®

  • -

    12.5% passion fruit, 7.5% Fibersol®

  • -

    5% passion fruit, 7.5% Fibersol®

  • -

    20% passion fruit, 10% Fibersol®

  • -

    12.5% passion fruit, 10% Fibersol®

  • -

    5% passion fruit, 10% Fibersol®

 1.57 to 4.85 ↑
2.82 to 4.12 ↑
2.47 to 5.25 ↑
2.78 to 6.50 ↑
1.56 to 3.03 ↑
4.81 to 6.54 ↑
3.66 to 4.77 ↑
5.23 to 4.21 ↑
5.82 to 4.84 ↓
4.19 to 4.65 ↑		 8.50 to 8.13 ↓
11.74 to 14.16 ↑
10.18 to 7.62 ↓
7.45 to 10.23 ↑
8.57 to 5.69 ↓
6.08 to 9.58 ↑
5.32 to 6.10 ↑
8.63 to 8.98 ↑
10.92 to 9.36 ↓
4.46 to 9.04 ↑		 10.07 to 12.98 ↑
14.56 to 18.29 ↑
12.65 to 12.87 ↑
10.22 to 16.73 ↑
10.13 to 8.72 ↓
10.88 to 16.13 ↑
9.10 to 10.88 ↑
13.86 to 12.85 ↓
16.74 to 14.20 ↓
8.65 to 13.69 ↑		 [107]
Buckwheat
  • -

    twin-screw extruder. screw diameter of 20 mm, barrel temperature: 100–160 °C, moisture content of 48%.
  • -

    buckwheat at 100 °C

  • -

    buckwheat at 120 °C

  • -

    buckwheat at 140 °C

  • -

    buckwheat at 160 °C

 3.13 to 3.33 ↑
3.13 to 3.48 ↑
3.13 to 3.87 ↑
3.13 to 4.14 ↑		 7.06 to 6.64 ↓
7.06 to 6.47 ↓
7.06 to 6.15 ↓
7.06 to 5.77 ↓		 10.18 to 9.93 ↓
10.18 to 9.95 ↓
10.18 to 10.02 ↓
10.18 to 9.91 ↓		 [128]
Non-wheat flours
  • -

    barrel temperature: feeding zone 50 °C, compression zone 120 °C and cooking zone 220 °C, moisture content of 27%.
  • -

    Barley

  • -

    Rye

  • -

    Triticale

  • -

    Oat

  • -

    Sorghum

  • -

    Millet

 - 9.59 to 8.95 ↓
9.70 to 8.82 ↓
13.51 to 13.95 ↑
8.30 to 7.18 ↑
10.04 to 9.41 ↓
1.96 to 2.57 ↑		 16.80 to 17.08 ↑
14.39 to 13.03 ↓
19.93 to 18.37 ↓
12.42 to 12.75 ↑
13.52 to 13.24 ↓
5.12 to 4.78 ↓		 [129]
Lupin seed coat
  • -

    co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder, feed rate of 4 kg/h, variable barrel temperatures (120–150 °C), screw speed of 400 rpm, moisture of 40%.
  • -

    lupin seed coat at 120 °C

  • -

    lupin seed coat at 135 °C

  • -

    lupin seed coat at 150 °C

 4.42 to 7.04 ↑
4.42 to 6.73 ↑
4.42 to 7.55 ↑		 91.00 to 87.41 ↓
91.00 to 87.25 ↓
91.00 to 85.49 ↓		 95.42 to 94.45 ↓
95.42 to 93.98 ↓
95.42 to 93.04 ↓		 [90]
Soybean, canola, sunflower cakes
  • -

    twin-screw extruder, temperature profile of 40/60/80/100/130 °C moisture of 17%, feeding rate of 13.2 Kg/h, screw speed of 500 rpm.
  • -

    soybean cake

  • -

    canola cake

  • -

    sunflower cake

 7.6 to 5.3 ↓
11.1 to 14.3 ↑
6.8 to 11.1 ↑		 14.6 to 14.4 ↓
24.6 to 24.7 ↑
34.3 to 35.6 ↑		 22.5 to 19.7 ↓
35.8 to 39.1 ↑
41.1 to 46.7 ↑		 [91]
Nut shell
  • -

    twin-screw co-rotating extruder, feed rate of 7.79 kg/h dry matter, screw speed of 150 rpm, barrel temperature of 70 °C.
  • -

    optimal sample

 0.00 to 3.07 75.41 to 76.03 75.41 to 79.1 [92]
Oat bran
  • -

    twin–screw extruder, speed of 150 rpm, feed rate of 18 kg/h, barrel temperature of 100/120/140/160 °C, 10–30% moisture.
  • -

    oat bran 10% moisture, 100 °C

  • -

    oat bran 20% moisture, 100 °C

  • -

    oat bran 30% moisture, 100 °C

 8.90 to 9.90 ↑
8.90 to 9.50 ↑
8.90 to 9.50 ↑		 - - [130]
  • -

    oat bran 10% moisture, 160 °C

  • -

    oat bran 20% moisture, 160 °C

  • -

    oat bran 30% moisture, 160 °C

 8.90 to 12.40 ↑
8.90 to 11.10 ↑
8.90 to 11.00 ↑
Rice, milk powder, potato starch, corn starch, soya, cranberry, carrot, beetroot, teff
  • -

    twin–screw extruder, screw speed of 275–350 rpm, feed rate of 15–25 kg/h, barrel temperature of 80–150 °C, 12% moisture.
  • -

    rice

  • -

    rice + cranberry

  • -

    rice + carrot

  • -

    rice + beetroot

  • -

    rice + teff

 - - 16.76 to 112.60 ↑
7.30 to 33.20 ↑
10.02 to 28.32 ↑
2.93 to 23.27 ↑
139.20 to 190.80 ↑		 [131]
Chokeberry pomace with corn
  • -

    single-screw extruder, 14% moisture content in the mixture before extrusion, screw speed of 190 rpm, compression ratio of 1:3, temperature profile of 100/120/140 °C, die diameter of 4 mm.
  • -

    chokeberry pomace + corn

 - - 42.00 to 37.83 ↓ [132]

SDF—soluble dietary fiber, IDF—insoluble dietary fiber, TDF—total dietary fiber, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.