Table A1.
Gill relative gene expression of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles at t = 0 h pre-oxidative stress challenge and at t = 2 h and 24 h after the oxidative stress challenge.
| High-Growth Selected Genotype (GS) | Wild Type Genotype (WT) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | PHYTO0.02 | PHYTO0.1 | GMOS0.5 | Control | PHYTO0.02 | PHYTO0.1 | GMOS0.5 | ||
| Sampling Point | Target Gene | ||||||||
| t = 0 h (pre-H2O2 exposure) |
nfΚβ2 | 0.89 1 ± 0.26 | 1.36 1 ± 0.19 | 1.17 1 ± 0.13 | 1.49 1 ± 0.35 | 1.02 1 ± 0.17 | 0.90 1 ± 0.14 | 1.41 1 ± 0.48 | 0.98 1 ± 0.58 |
| il-1β | 2.58 ± 1.04 | 1.94 ± 0.43 | 1.94 ± 0.45 | 2.48 ± 0.48 | 0.95 1 ± 0.33 | 0.93 1 ± 0.33 | 1.42 1 ± 0.49 | 0.93 1 ± 0.23 | |
| hif-1α | 0.60 ± 0.16 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | 0.33 a1 ± 0.20 | 0.78 A ± 0.41 | 1.22 AB ± 0.44 | 0.73 A ± 0.13 | 1.61 bB ± 0.16 | |
| nd5 | 1.42 ± 0.76 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.01 1 ± 0.14 | 1.34 ± 0.41 | 0.89 1 ± 0.13 | 1.05 1 ± 0.16 | 1.28 1 ± 0.15 | 0.85 ± 0.31 | |
| cyb | 1.32 ± 0.07 | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 0.54 1 ±0.18 | 0.46 ± 0.18 | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 1.20 ± 1.12 | 1.50 ± 0.55 | 1.39 ± 0.63 | |
| cox | 1.16 1 ± 0.11 | 1.63 1 ± 0.42 | 1.59 1 ± 0.46 | 0.91 1 ± 0.21 | 0.84 1 ± 0.11 | 1.45 1 ± 0.32 | 1.56 1 ± 0.47 | 1.01 1 ± 0.50 | |
| ucp1 | 1.46 1 ± 0.65 | 2.07 ± 1.27 | 2.39 ± 1.24 | 2.98 ± 1.52 | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 1.10 1 ± 0.20 | 0.68 ± 0.30 | |
| sod | 1.06 a1± 0.23 | 1.32 1 ± 0.20 | 1.24 1 ± 0.27 | 1.44 a1± 0.17 | 0.81 bA1 ± 0.23 | 2.14 B1 ± 0.19 | 2.00 AB1 ± 1.13 | 4.28 bC ± 0.88 | |
| cat | 3.40 a1± 0.62 | 4.59 1 ± 0.86 | 3.97 a1 ± 0.34 | 3.44 1 ± 0.50 | 0.85 b1 ± 0.26 | 2.16 1 ± 1.28 | 1.25 b1 ± 0.45 | 1.60 1 ± 0.74 | |
| gpx | 1.62 1 ± 0.46 | 1.85 1 ± 0.29 | 1.88 1 ± 0.26 | 2.00 1 ± 0.36 | 0.85 A1 ± 0.18 | 1.80 A1 ± 0.06 | 3.21 C1 ± 1.59 | 2.55 B1 ± 1.27 | |
| tnf-1α | 0.55 1 ± 0.55 | 0.29 ± 0.11 | 0.28 1 ± 0.07 | 0.30 1 ± 0.28 | 0.96 ± 0.28 | 1.03 ± 0.62 | 1.15 ± 0.92 | 2.32 ± 0.80 | |
| casp-9 | 1.69 ± 1.68 | 1.36 ± 0.24 | 1.33 ± 0.34 | 1.46 ± 0.21 | 0.82 ± 0.26 | 0.98 ± 0.17 | 1.70 ± 0.58 | 1.01 1 ± 0.34 | |
| t = 2 h (post-H2O2 exposure) |
nfΚβ2 | 2.75 2 ± 0.39 | 2.66 2 ± 0.33 | 3.34 2 ± 0.32 | 3.90 2 ± 0.96 | 2.55 2 ± 0.25 | 2.92 2 ± 0.40 | 3.08 2 ± 0.58 | 2.95 2 ± 0.10 |
| il-1β | 5.75 ± 4.14 | 4.80 ± 1.42 | 4.78 ± 1.28 | 5.65 ± 0.62 | 5.47 12 ± 0.19 | 5.66 2 ± 2.25 | 5.38 ± 1.04 | 6.06 2 ± 0.79 | |
| hif-1α | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 1.02 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 1.29 2 ± 0.41 | 0.84 ± 0.13 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 018 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | |
| nd5 | 6.03 ± 1.46 | 5.99 ± 2.15 | 6.69 2 ± 5.13 | 5.95 ± 1.08 | 6.56 2 ± 0.34 | 6.70 2 ± 1.50 | 6.62 2 ± 0.52 | 5.55 ± 1.35 | |
| cyb | 2.59 ± 0.86 | 1.72 ± 0.48 | 2.59 2 ± 0.23 | 1.90 ± 0.82 | 1.89 ± 0.87 | 2.21 ± 0.87 | 1.47 ± 0.25 | 1.15 ± 0.30 | |
| cox | 4.13 AB2 ± 0.41 | 4.77 AB2 ± 1.56 | 7.12 aB2 ± 0.45 | 3.69 A2 ± 0.46 | 3.21 2 ± 0.49 | 4.10 2 ± 0.94 | 3.20 b12 ± 0.33 | 2.84 12 ± 0.80 | |
| ucp1 | 6.65 2 ± 1.29 | 4.38 ± 1.93 | 2.94 ± 2.33 | 3.72 ± 1.94 | 2.56 ± 1.54 | 1.84 ± 0.90 | 3.72 12 ± 3.14 | 3.30 ± 0.72 | |
| sod | 7.45 aA2 ± 0.84 | 4.38 B2 ± 0.27 | 3.90 B2 ± 0.82 | 3.41 B2 ± 0.66 | 3.88 b2 ± 0.83 | 4.01 2 ± 0.41 | 3.85 2 ± 0.30 | 3.98 ± 0.37 | |
| cat | 4.97 A2 ± 1.62 | 7.51 AB12 ± 0.49 | 9.18 B2 ± 0.81 | 7.86 AB2 ± 0.42 | 7.39 A2 ± 2.05 | 11.29 AB2 ± 2.06 | 11.23 AB2 ± 1.23 | 12.58 B2 ± 0.11 | |
| gpx | 8.34 2± 1.41 | 6.24 2 ± 0.18 | 8.62 2 ± 1.21 | 8.99 2 ± 0.79 | 6.83 2 ± 0.84 | 6.47 2 ± 0.80 | 6.44 2 ± 1.29 | 6.00 2 ± 0.70 | |
| tnf-1α | 4.70 2 ± 1.34 | 2.47 ± 1.68 | 4.49 2 ± 4.24 | 2.45 12 ± 2.51 | 2.27 ± 1.23 | 1.55 ± 0.51 | 1.42 ± 0.39 | 2.02 ± 0.93 | |
| casp-9 | 3.32 ± 2.36 | 3.64 ± 2.30 | 3.50 ± 1.73 | 2.98 ± 1.33 | 3.72 ± 1.00 | 3.93 ± 0.59 | 4.24 ± 0.51 | 5.34 2 ± 2.14 | |
| t = 24 h (post-H2O2 exposure) |
nfΚβ2 | 3.20 2 ± 0.17 | 3.20 2 ± 0.24 | 3.21 2 ± 0.55 | 3.69 a2 ± 0.17 | 2.42 2 ± 0.45 | 2.64 2 ± 0.77 | 2.91 2 ± 0.39 | 2.37 b2 ± 0.15 |
| il-1β | 3.50 ± 0.24 | 3.42 ± 0.22 | 4.88 ± 1.30 | 5.43 ± 1.79 | 3.81 2 ± 1.60 | 5.27 2 ± 2.50 | 4.72 ± 1.20 | 3.73 2 ± 1.43 | |
| hif-1α | 0.91 ± 0.30 | 1.09 ± 0.13 | 0.90 ± 0.15 | 1.24 2 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 1.00 ± 0.23 | 0.92 ± 0.14 | 0.93 ± 0.37 | |
| nd5 | 6.05 ± 1.40 | 6.99 ± 1.43 | 3.22 12 ± 1.41 | 6.28 ± 3.56 | 4.45 12 ± 1.31 | 4.45 12 ± 1.11 | 4.44 12 ± 1.44 | 3.70 ± 0.72 | |
| cyb | 1.61 ± 0.28 | 1.53 ± 0.19 | 1.63 12 ± 0.21 | 1.55 ± 0.41 | 1.27 ± 0.43 | 1.41 ± 0.43 | 1.69 ± 0.36 | 2.00 ± 0.86 | |
| cox | 4.88 2 ± 0.71 | 4.33 2 ± 0.47 | 4.05 3 ± 0.33 | 5.47 2 ± 2.84 | 3.30 2 ± 0.71 | 4.00 2 ± 1.03 | 3.92 2 ± 1.36 | 3.14 2 ± 0.22 | |
| ucp1 | 3.42 12 ± 1.82 | 2.31 ± 1.01 | 2.29 ± 0.54 | 3.90 ± 1.55 | 2.99 AB ± 0.58 | 3.22 AB ± 1.43 | 6.96 A2 ± 1.23 | 1.54 B ± 0.74 | |
| sod | 3.60 3 ± 0.66 | 3.35 2 ± 0.30 | 3.64 2 ± 0.43 | 3.41 2 ± 0.28 | 3.93 2 ± 0.57 | 4.16 2 ± 0.68 | 4.32 2 ± 0.38 | 4.77 ± 0.68 | |
| cat | 8.69 2 ± 1.45 | 9.61 2 ± 2.34 | 10.30 2 ± 1.05 | 9.77 2 ± 1.17 | 6.80 2 ± 0.72 | 7.87 2 ± 2.22 | 7.42 2 ± 1.50 | 7.31 3 ± 1.47 | |
| gpx | 8.82 2 ± 0.94 | 8.74 2 ± 1.12 | 8.49 2 ± 0.45 | 7.89 2 ± 0.86 | 5.69 2 ± 0.84 | 5.5 2 ± 1.10 | 6.76 2 ± 0.73 | 6.68 2 ± 0.79 | |
| tnf-1α | 2.44 12 ± 1.08 | 2.04 ± 0.81 | 2.41 12 ± 0.94 | 3.82 2 ± 1.53 | 1.68 ± 0.40 | 2.04 ± 0.89 | 3.28 ± 1.65 | 1.23 ± 0.34 | |
| casp-9 | 3.96 ± 2.26 | 4.06 ± 1.28 | 4.47 ± 1.32 | 5.83 ± 3.45 | 2.88 ± 0.38 | 2.54 ± 0.62 | 2.39 ± 0.33 | 2.63 12 ± 0.30 | |
| Three-way ANOVA | |||||||||
| Diet | Genotype | Time | D × G | D × T | G × T | D × G × T | |||
| nfΚβ2 | F = 4.306 p-val = 0.009 |
F = 16.398 p-val = 0.0018 |
F = 158.176 p-val = < 2 × 10−16 |
F = 3.481 p-val = 0.0229 |
ns | F = 3.335 p-val = 0.0474 |
ns | ||
| il-1β | ns | F = 8.798 p-val = 0.0047 |
F = 65.499 p-val = 1.91 × 10−14 |
ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
| hif-1α | F = 5.231 p-val = 0.0033 |
F = 4.422 p-val = 0.041 |
F = 5.714 p-val = 0.006 |
ns | ns | F = 21.397 p-val = 2.27 × 10−7 |
F = 4.260 p-val = 0.00162 |
||
| nd5 | ns | ns | F = 63.876 p-val = 2.97 × 10−14 |
ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
| cyb | ns | ns | F = 19.325 p-val = 6.97 × 10−7 |
ns | ns | F = 5.819 p-val = 0.005 |
ns | ||
| cox | F = 4.108 p-val = 0.0113 |
F = 21.469 p-val = 2.77 × 10−5 |
F = 127.517 p-val = < 2 × 10−16 |
ns | ns | F = 4.051 p-val = 0.0237 |
F = 2.616 p-val = 0.028 |
||
| ucp1 | ns | F = 7.93 p-val = 0.007 |
F = 19.895 p-val = 5.09 × 10−7 |
F = 4.471 p-val = 0.007 |
ns | F = 5.287 p-val = 0.008 |
F = 2.699 p-val = 0.024 |
||
| sod | ns | F = 10.086 p-val = 0.002 |
F = 181.372 p-val = < 2 × 10−16 |
F = 17.654 p-val = 7.36 × 10−8 |
F = 13.457 p-val = 6.98 × 10−9 |
F = 19.065 p-val = 8.06 × 10−7 |
F = 2.748 p-val = 0.022 |
||
| cat | F = 9.911 p-val = 3.38 × 10−5 |
F = 10.017 p-val = 0.002 |
F = 242.091 p-val = < 2 × 10−16 |
ns | F = 2.914 p-val = 0.017 |
F = 44.054 p-val = 1.37 × 10−11 |
ns | ||
| gpx | F = 2.859 p-val = 0.046 |
F = 35.012 p-val = 3.36 × 107 |
F = 294.593 p-val = < 2 × 10−16 |
ns | ns | F = 13.893 p-val = 1.74 × 10−5 |
F = 3.079 p-val = 0.013 |
||
| tnf-1α | ns | ns | F = 25.759 p-val = 2.51 × 10−8 |
ns | ns | F = 10.79 p-val = 0.0001 |
ns | ||
| casp-9 | ns | ns | F = 39.156 p-val = 8.23 × 10−11 |
ns | ns | F = 5.946 p-val = 0.005 |
ns | ||
Different uppercase letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) between dietary treatments inside each fish genotype at each sampling point (three-way ANOVA: Diet × Genotype × Time; Tukey post hoc test). Different lowercase letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) between genotypes at each sampling point (three-way ANOVA: Diet × Genotype × Time; Tukey post hoc test). Different numbers denote significant differences (p < 0.05) between experimental sampling points (three-way ANOVA: Diet × Genotype × Time; Tukey post hoc test). ns = not significant. Values expressed in mean ± SD. Control (Control diet); PHYTO0.02 (PHYTO0.02 diet, supplemented with a 200 ppm blend of phytogenic feed additives consisting of a mixture of garlic and Labiatae plant essential oils with 87.5 mg terpens/kg diet); PHYTO0.1 (PHYTO0.1 diet, supplemented with a 1000 ppm blend of phytogenic feed additives, consisting of a mixture of citrus fruits and Asteraceae and Labiatae plant essential oils with 57 mg terpens/kg diet); GMOS0.5 (GMOS0.5 diet; supplemented with 5000 ppm galactomannan-oligosaccharides); GS (high-growth selected genotype); WT (wild type genotype).