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. 2023 Jul 12;13(7):1109. doi: 10.3390/biom13071109

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Optimization strategies for mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV)-based therapy in vasculopathies and angiogenesis. Genetic modifications, physical, chemical, and biological strategies, and biomaterial stimulation can be used to improve the therapeutic effect of MSC-EVs. The enhanced therapeutic effects may depend on the superior bioactivity, high yield, efficient delivery, and controlled release of MSC-EVs to the desired regions. Akt: protein kinase B; SDF1: stromal-derived factor 1; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; CTRP9: C1q-TNFα related protein-9; EDM: endothelial differential medium; TFF: tangential flow filtration; AEX: anion-exchange chromatography; PEG: polyethylene glycol.