Table 1.
Mechanisms involved in the modulation of vasculopathies and angiogenesis by mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles.
| Application | EV Source | Target Cells | EV Cargo | Proposed Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atherosclerosis | mADMSC | EC | - | MAPK and NF-κB pathways | [19] |
| hBMMSC | SMC | miR-221 | NAT1 | [20] | |
| rBMMSC | Macrophage | - | SLC2a1, STAT3/RAC1, and CD300a pathways; CD36-mediated pathway |
[21] | |
| mBMMSC | Macrophage | miR-let7 | HMGA2/NF-kB pathway; IGF2BP1/PTEN pathway | [22] | |
| mBMMSC | Macrophage | miR-223 | NLRP3 | [23] | |
| Aneurysm | UCMSC | Macrophage, SMC | miR-147 | HMGB-1 and IL-17 | [24] |
| hBMMSC | - | miR- 23b-3p | PI3k/Akt/NF-κB pathway, KLF5 | [25] | |
| mADMSC | Macrophage | miR-17-5p | TXNIP | [26] | |
| hBMMSC | SMC | - | MMP, TIMP | [27] | |
| Vascular injury | UCMSC | EC | - | PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways, VEGF | [28] |
| rBMMSC | SMC | miR-125b | Myo1e | [29] | |
| Vascular calcification | hBMMSC | SMC | - | NONHSAT 084969.2/NF-κB pathway | [30] |
| mBMMSC | SMC | SIRT6 | HMGB1 | [31] | |
| BMMSC | SMC | miR-381-3p | NFAT5 | [32] | |
| Vascular leakage | mBMMSC | EC | HGF | VE-cadherin and occludin | [33] |
| hBMMSC | EC, macrophage | Angiopoietin-1 | - | [34] | |
| hBMMSC | EC | mitochondria | - | [35] | |
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension | hBMMSC, UCMSC | - | - | STAT3 pathway | [36] |
| hBMMSC | SMC | - | SIRT4 | [37] | |
| UCMSC | EC, SMC | - | Wnt5a/BMP pathway | [38] | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | UCMSC | EC | miR-126 | HMGB1 pathway | [39] |
| UCMSC | EC | miR-18 | MAP3K1/NF-κB pathway | [40] | |
| UCMSC | RPEC | NEDD4 | PTEN, pAKT, NRF2 | [41] | |
| rADMSC | RPEC, Müller cell, EC | miR-192 | ITGA1 | [42] | |
| rBMMSC | - | - | Wnt/β-catenin pathway | [43] | |
| Angiogenesis | mBMMSC | EC | - | VEGFR1, VEGFR2 | [44] |
| hBMMSC | EC | - | NF-κB pathway | [45] | |
| rBMMSC | EC | miR-29b-3p | PTEN, Akt | [46] | |
| mBMMSC | EC | miR-29a | VASH1 | [47] | |
| hBMMSC | EC | EMMPRIN | - | [48] | |
| rBMMSC | EC | Nidogen1 | Myosin-10 | [49] | |
| hADMSC | EC | miR-125a | DDL4 | [50] | |
| UCMSC | EC | - | HIF-1α | [51] | |
| UCMSC | EC | Wnt4 | β-Catenin | [52] | |
| hENMSC | EC | miR-21 | - | [53] |
EV: extracellular vesicle; mADMSC: mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; hBMMSC: human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; rBMMSC: rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; mBMMSC: mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; UCMSC: human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; rADMSC: rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; hADMSC: human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; hENMSC: human endometrium-derived mesenchymal stromal cell; RPEC: retinal pigment epithelial cell.