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. 2023 Jul 6;13(7):1085. doi: 10.3390/biom13071085

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Age-dependent changes in the immune system on the cellular level. Alterations in the number and functions of cell types that belong to the adaptive (upper part) and innate (lower part) immune system as required to eradicate pathogens and kill infected cells are indicated. The activity of both cell types is inhibited by immunoregulatory cell types that expand upon aging (see list of abbreviations).