Figure 12.

Ability of 3D-derived spheroid (left panel) and organoid (right panel) cells to invade following epigenetic monotherapy or combo treatments. An invasion assay was used to evaluate the invasion capacity of spheroids and organoids following pre-treatment with various therapies. The ability of 3D-derived organoid cells pre-treated with monotherapy epigenetic treatments was significantly affected by EGCG (57%, p < 0.01), I3C (21%, p < 0.01), and Pano (73%, p < 0.001) relative to control. When combo treatments of EGCG/CT and Pano/CT were used, the post-treatment invasion ability of organoid-derived cells was downregulated relative to standard chemotherapy alone by approximately 70% (p < 0.001), with 41% inhibition induced by treatment with I3C/CT (p < 0.01). Two independent experiments were performed, including triplicates for each treatment group. The asterisk (*) represents p < 0.05, (**) represents p < 0.01, and (***) represents p < 0.001.