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. 2023 Jul 14;11(7):1993. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11071993

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Representative signaling pathways relating opioid receptors activity and cancer development. OR structures 87FQ (MOP-beta-endorphin), 87FS (DOP-deltorphin II, 87FW (KOP-dynorphin, 87FX (NOP-nociceptin) [67] and 1PLX (Met-ENK structure, Gaussian volume, [89], are from the Protein Data Bank [51]. The AlphaFold representation of ZOP is from the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/Q9NZT2, accessed on June 12, 2023)). All receptor structures were drawn with the free web-based open-source toolkit Molstar (https://molstar.org/ (accessed on 17 May 2023) [53]). Abbreviations: AC, adenylyl cyclase; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, extracellular receptor kinase; GRK, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PKC, protein kinase C; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4.