Table 1.
Characteristics and results of studies that reported on spatial white matter tract alteration patterns in glioma patients.
| Study | No. of Patients (Total) | No. of Patients (Grouped by Tumor Grade) |
LGG (%) | HGG (%) | Tractography Method | WM Tract Pattern Classification System | Relation between Glioma Grade and Spatial WM Tract Alteration Patterns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakhshi et al. 2021 [37] |
57 | Astrocytoma: grade I (n = 3); grade II (n = 1); grade III (n = 2); GBM (n = 26) Oligodendroglioma: grade II (n = 13); grade III (n = 12) Oligoastrocytoma: grade II (n = 3); grade III (n = 3) |
30 | 70 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking protocol not specified | According to Witwer et al. (2002) [29] | LGG (n = 20): 25% displaced; 55% infiltrated; 15% disrupted HGG (n = 43): 30% displaced; 63% infiltrated; 7% disrupted |
| Camins et al. 2022 [38] |
34 | Grade I ganglioglioma (n = 1); grade I pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (n = 1) Astrocytoma: grade II diffuse astrocytoma (n = 4); grade III anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 9); GBM (n = 14) Oligodendroglioma: grade III anaplastic oligodendroglioma (n = 5) |
18 | 82 | DTI tractography using manual deterministic fiber tracking algorithm, ROI selection method described. Tractography performed by consensus by two neuroradiologists with subspecialized experience in presurgical DTI tractography mapping | Self-described classification, partly based on Jellison et al. (2004) [28] and Field et al. (2004) [27]: Intact tract; Displaced (preserved or elevated FA); Infiltrated/edematous (reduced FA and preserved tract direction, with or without displacement); Destroyed (extremely reduced FA and loss of directional data) |
LGG (n = 6): 33% displaced; 50% combined infiltrated/edematous; 0% destroyed HGG (n = 28): 11% displaced; 64% combined infiltrated/edematous; 25% destroyed |
| Celtikci et al. 2018 [39] |
16 | Only grade II glioma: oligodendroglioma (n = 7); diffuse astrocytoma (n = 5); gemistocytic astrocytoma (n = 2); pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (n = 1); pilomyxoid astrocytoma (n = 1) | 100 | 0 | Fiber tracking using QA-based generalized deterministic algorithm. Qualitative evaluation by the consensus of first two authors, blinded to all clinical information | Self-described classification: Unaffected; Displaced (changed tract trajectory due to mass effect); Infiltrated (segment or entire peritumoral tract runs through tumor); Displaced and infiltrated simultaneously; Disruption (tract partially or completely interrupted) |
65 tracts analyzed in 16 patients (all grade II): 14% unaffected; 37% displaced; 20% infiltrated; 29% displaced & infiltrated; 0% disrupted |
| Deilami et al. 2015 [40] |
11 | Not reported | 36 | 64 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking protocol not specified. ROI selection by a hand-drawn procedure, using an atlas for more accurate ROI drawing | According to Witwer et al. (2002) [29] |
LGG (23 tracts analyzed in 4 patients): 65% infiltrated; 31% displaced; 4% disrupted; 0% edematous HGG (74 tracts analyzed in 7 patients): 49% infiltrated; 20% displaced; 19% disrupted; 12% edematous |
| Delgado et al. 2016 * [31] |
34 | Only grade II/III glioma (n = 34) Astrocytoma: grade II (n = 9); grade III (n = 9) Oligodendroglioma: grade II (n = 13); grade III (n = 3) |
65 | 35 | DTI tractography using TrackVis software, ROI selection based on white matter atlas | Self-described classification: Dislocated (tract deviation from expected FA-color map trajectory and located outside tumor area, defined as increased T2-FLAIR signal intensity); Infiltrated (tract runs through increased T2-FLAIR tumor area). |
LGG (n = 22): 55% dislocated; 77% infiltrated HGG (n = 12): 42% dislocated; 92% infiltrated |
| Dubey et al. 2018 [41] |
29 | Not reported | 41 | 59 | DTI tractography using deterministic tracking algorithm. Data were reviewed by the senior faculty of neurosurgery | According to Jellison et al. (2004) [28] |
LGG (n = 12): 75% displaced; 25% infiltrated/disrupted HGG (n = 17): 29% displaced; 71% infiltrated/disrupted |
| Gao et al. 2017 * [32] |
45 | Astrocytoma: grade I (n = 5); grade II (n = 3); grade III (n = 15); GBM (n = 15) Oligodendroglioma: grade II (n = 5); grade III (n = 1) Gliosarcoma (n = 1) |
29 | 71 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking using line propagation technique. ROI selection method described | Combination of Witwer et al. (2002) [29] and Field et al. (2004) [27] |
LGG (n = 13): 92% displaced; 8% infiltrated; 0% disruption HGG (n = 32): 28% displaced; 16% infiltrated; 56% disrupted |
| Shalan et al. 2021 [42] |
20 | Not reported | 30 | 70 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking protocol not specified. ROI selection method described per tract | According to Jellison et al. (2004) [28] | LGG (n = 6): 33% unaffected; 83% displaced; 67% edematous; 17% infiltrated; 0% destructed HGG (n = 14) 0% unaffected; 71% displaced; 50% edematous; 79% infiltrated; 29% destructed. Significant difference for infiltration between the 2 groups (p = 0.018) |
| Yu et al. 2005 * [30] |
12 | Astrocytoma: grade II (n = 1) grade III (n = 2) Oligodendroglioma: grade II (n = 1) Oligoastrocytoma grade III (n = 4) GBM (n = 4) |
17 | 83 | DTI tractography, using probabilistic fiber tracking in anterograde and retrograde direction. ROI selection method described per tract | Self-described classification: Simple displacement (tract location altered but integrity preserved); Displacement with disruption (reduced fibers with displacement of residual tract); Simple disruption (reduced fibers without displacement of residual tract) |
LGG (6 tracts analyzed in 2 patients): 17% simple displacement; 33% simple disruption; 50% not measurably involved HGG (30 tracts analyzed in 10 patients): 7% simple displacement; 7% simple disruption; 30% displacement with disruption; 57% not measurably involved |
| Zhang et al. 2012 [43] |
9 | Grade II (n = 2); grade III/IV (n = 7) | 22 | 78 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking using line propagation technique. ROI selection method described per tract | According to Witwer et al. (2002) [29] | LGG (n = 2): 100% displaced; 100% infiltrated; 0% disrupted HGG (n = 7): 0% displaced; 100% infiltrated; 100% disrupted |
| Zhukov et al. 2016 [44] |
25 | Grade I (n = 2); grade II (n = 8); grade III (n = 4); grade IV (n = 11) | 40 | 60 | DTI tractography, fiber tracking protocol and ROI selection method not specified |
Self-described classification: Intact (tract position far from tumor and edema, with unchanged trajectory and tract thickness); Displaced (tract trajectory is changed and runs along tumor border); Infiltrated (tract located inside tumor, with thinner tract) |
LGG (n = 10): 50% intact; 30% displaced; 20% infiltrated. HGG (n = 15): 40% intact; 20% displaced; 40% infiltrated |
* Outcomes of interest manually calculated from extracted raw data.