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. 2023 Jul 8;15(14):3536. doi: 10.3390/cancers15143536

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Contributions of Tn, STn antigens, and GD2 to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The Tn antigen binds to macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) on macrophages and dendric cells, leading to secreted anti-inflammatory cytokines, and induced angiogenesis. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin (Ig)-like lectins (SIGLECs) on innate immune cells and NK cells binds to sialic acids in the STn antigen and GD2 on cancer cells, inducing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-mediated inflammatory cascades to facilitate the TME.