Table 3.

Joint associations and interactions of depression and anxiety disorder with cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke/TIA, and heart failure

	No anxiety disorder HR [95% CI]	Anxiety disorder HR [95% CI]	Multiplicative interaction	RERI
Cardiovascular disease			0.81 [0.51, 1.29]	0.10 [−0.96, 1.41]
No depression	Reference	1.72 [1.32, 2.24]
Depression	2.07 [1.78, 2.40]	2.89 [2.03, 4.11]
Myocardial infarction			0.85 [0.42, 1.72]	0.03 [−1.30, 1.85]
No depression	Reference	1.62 [1.10, 2.38]
Depression	1.71 [1.36, 2.16]	2.37 [1.37, 4.08]
Stroke/TIA			1.29 [0.71, 2.35]	1.13 [−0.27, 3.01]
No depression	Reference	1.46 [1.01, 2.1]
Depression	1.78 [1.45, 2.20]	3.37 [2.20, 5.18]
Heart failure			0.64 [0.33, 1.22]	−0.58 [−1.95, 1.30]
No depression	Reference	1.56 [1.08, 2.26]
Depression	2.69 [2.24, 3.22]	2.68 [1.61, 4.44]

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; RERI, relative risk due to interaction; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Note: All models were adjusted for anxiety disorder, depression, anxiety disorder × depression, age, sex, ethnicity, and deprivation level.