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AFM analysis of pAb anti-OVA immobilisation on the electrochemical immunosensor. The 2D and 3D AFM morphology scans (1 μm × 1 μm) acquired in tapping mode of (a) the bare gold electrode, 11-MUA-modified gold surface (b) before and (c) after pAb anti-OVA incubation. The white scale bar in the 2D image corresponds to 20 nm. (d) Bar plot of the root-mean-squared roughness (RMS) of each analysed surface and presented as the average ± the SD (n = 10).
