Table 1.

Performance comparison of different biosensors for OVA detection.

Sensing Substrate	Technique	Linear Range	LoD	Assay Time (min)	Number of Steps	References
GO/screen-printed carbon	Differential pulse voltammetry	1 pg/mL–0.5 μg/mL	0.83 pg/mL	60	5	Eissa et al. (2013) [15]
Dextran-coated sensor chips (CM5)	Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)	0.03–0.2 μg/mL	0.6 μg/mL	–	4	Pilolli et al. (2015) [16]
Screen-printed platinum	Linear sweep voltammetry	0.5–9.5 μg/mL	0.2 μg/mL	60	4	Čadková et al. (2015) [17]
Graphene/screen-printed carbon electrodes	Amperometry	0.01–10 pg/mL	0.2 fg/mL	60	6	Baldo et al. (2021) [18]
Thin-film gold single electrodes	Non-Faradaic impedance spectroscopy	0.001–0.01 μg/mL	0.2 µg/mL	15	4	This work