Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristic of all participants.
| Healthy Controls | Depression | Schizophrenia | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (HC, n = 30) | (DEP, n = 28) | (SCH, n = 29) | ||
| Gender (male/female) | 11/19 | 11/17 | 11/18 | χ2 = 0.042, p = 0.979 |
| Age (years) | 28.37 ± 5.08 | 27.86 ± 6.23 | 27.48 ± 4.61 | W = 0.246, p = 0.783 |
| Education (years) | 14.27 ± 2.16 | 14.42 ± 2.28 | 14.21 ± 2.74 | W = 0.0.056, p = 0.945 |
| Duration of illness (months) | - | 25.5 (13.50, 37.75) | 24.6 (12.00, 47.00) | p = 0.9148 |
| Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) | - | 22.32 ± 2.09 | - | - |
| Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) | - | 11.23 ± 4.72 | - | - |
| Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) | ||||
| Total score | - | - | 83.87 ± 8.12 | - |
| Positive scale score | - | - | 21.26 ± 4.51 | - |
| Negative scale score | - | - | 20.07 ± 4.01 | - |
| General psychopathology | - | - | 41.43 ± 7.59 | - |
| Cognitive function tests | ||||
| Digit symbol test | 68.00 ± 10.8 | 62.61 ± 8.02 | 47.86 ± 8.56 | W = 34.68, p = 0.000 |
| Digit span test (forward) | 8.77 ± 1.19 | 8.04 ± 0.84 | 7.83 ± 1.04 | W = 5.617, p = 0.006 |
| Digit span test (backward) | 5.67 ± 1.54 | 5.11 ± 0.83 | 4.45 ± 1.12 | W = 6.501, p = 0.003 |
| Verbal fluency test | 22.50 ± 4.90 | 19.64 ± 2.25 | 15.28 ± 3.94 | W = 21.38, p = 0.000 |
| Head motion (framewise displacement) | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | W = 0.776, p = 0.456 |