Table 3.
Extracellular vesicles used as carriers in myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.
| Myocardial Infarction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cargo | Origin | EV Classification | Therapeutic Outcome |
| not specified | HUCMSC | HA-embedded EVs | improved angiogenesis, decreased apoptosis and fibrosis and maintained cardiac function |
| endoglin | cardiac progenitor cell | ECs | promoting angiogenesis |
| miR-146a-3p, miR-132 and miR-201 | cardiac progenitor cell | EVs | cardioprotective by promoting angiogenesis |
| not specified | cardiac progenitor cell | biomimetic EVs | higher CPC retention in the infarct area in chronic MI, increasing cardiac function |
| let-7, miR-145, miR-17–92 cluster, and miR-302a-5p | mouse fibroblast-derived iPSC | EVs | improved cardiac repair induction of angiogenesis, adaptation capacity to hypoxic stress |
| lncRNA MALAT1 | hESC-CVPs | EVs | angiogenesis and cell viability through a miR-497-dependent mechanism |
| miR-182 | bone marrow | EVs | improving cardiac repair through inhibition of TLR4 |
| not specified | adipose tissue-derived MSC | EVs | improving cardiac function, reducing serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ |
| not specified | HUCMSC | EVs | anti-inflammatory properties post-MI |
| miR-294 | ESC-derived | exosomes | angiogenesis and cell survival |
| let-7b-5p | human pericardial fluid-derived | exosomes | promoted angiogenesis and promoted cardiac repair |
| miR-126 and miR-146a | - | exosomes encapsulated in alginate hydrogel | promoting cardiac repair |
| not specified | MSC | exosomes | partial restoration of cardiac function targeting EZH2 |
| miR-214 | bone-marrow | exosomes | regulate calcium overload |
| CXCR4 | - | exosomes | cardioprotective effect |
| not specified | MSC | exosomes | intrapericardial injection and stimulating cardiac repair |
| not specified | cardiospheres | exosomes and EVs | anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, angiogenic and cardiomyogenic properties |
| miR-126 | cardiomyocyte progenitor cell | engineered small-EVs (sEV)-like vesicles (ELV) | cardiac repair post-MI by promoting angiogenesis |
| lncRNAs UCA1, MALAT1, NEAT1, KLF3-AS1 and HCP5 | - | EVs | inhibition of cardiomyocyte autophagy |
| lncRNA HCG15, miR-153-3p and miR-328-3p | - | EVs | exacerbate ischemic injury post-infarct |
| Diabetic Cardiomyopathy | |||
| Cargo | Origin | EV classification | Therapeutic outcome |
| not specified | MSC | exosomes | cardioprotective by blocking myocardial injury and fibrosis |
| not specified | HUCMSC | exosomes | beneficial cardiac function by attenuating myocardial autophagy |
| Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy | |||
| Cargo | Origin | EV classification | Therapeutic outcome |
| miR-233 | MSC | exosomes | CMs uptake, reduction of inflammatory response and cell death |
| curcumin | self-assembled into the lipid bilayer | exosomes | anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic |