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. 2023 Jun 28;13(7):1048. doi: 10.3390/biom13071048

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Roughness-associated parameters of dental implants. (A–D) Graphs highlighting the differences in (A) Ra, (B) Ru, (C) Rsk, and (D) Rku found among the surfaces of the implants. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, with + Al Blast, * Laser Sint, £ Ti Blast, % Laser Mach, and ^ Cor Blast (ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test) indicating significance. Abbreviations: arithmetical mean deviation (Ra), root mean square deviation (Rq), skewness of the assessed profile (Rsk), kurtosis of the assessed profile (Rku).