Table 1.

Main characteristics of the selected studies.

Reference 1	Objective/Study Description
Krishnan et al., 2017 [36]	The objective of this in vivo study was to investigate the protective effect of Au-mPEG(5000)-S-HP nanoparticles on the expressions of cell inflammation and cell proliferation during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar albino rats. The specific aims of the study were to determine the role of the Au-mPEG(5000)-S-HP nanoparticles in modulating inflammation and proliferation in the liver, and to assess the potential protective effects of these nanoparticles against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Kumar R. and Abraham, 2017 [37]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of novel polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated naringenin nanoparticles (NAR NPs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The specific aims of the study were to determine the ability of the NAR NPs to inhibit inflammation in response to LPS stimulation, and to investigate the mechanisms of action of the NAR NPs in modulating inflammation in macrophages.
J. Zhang et al., 2017 [38]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the impact of apigenin on fibroblast functions in the context of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The specific aims of the study were to investigate the effects of apigenin on fibroblast proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and the production of profibrosis and proinflammation cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and primary pulmonary cells.
H. Zhang et al., 2017 [39]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of eupafolin release through nanoparticles on oxidative stress-related acute kidney injury and inflammatory response in animal models. The specific aims of the study were to determine whether eupafolin-encapsulated nanoparticles could ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney, and to investigate the potential mechanisms of action through the NF-kB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Firouzi-Amandi et al., 2018 [40]	The objective of this in vitro study is to investigate the potential of chrysin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) to modulate the functional polarity of macrophages towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Chrysin is a natural compound that has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties. PLGA-PEG is a type of biodegradable, biocompatible polymer that is often used in drug delivery due to its non-immunogenic and non-toxic properties.
vanden Braber et al., 2018 [41]	The objective of this in vivo study is to investigate the potential of microencapsulated soy genistein (Ge) to preserve its biological activity and attenuate clinical signs of acute colitis in mice. The researchers in this study aimed to use water-soluble chitosan obtained by Maillard reaction with glucosamine to microencapsulate Ge and preserve its biological activity for oral administration. They also investigated the release of Ge, which was found to be pH-dependent with a super Case II mechanism at pH 1.2 and anomalous transport with non-Fickian kinetics at pH 6.8.
Cherk Yong et al., 2019 [42]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin-loaded large unilamellar vesicles (LCNs) and small unilamellar vesicles (sm-LCNs) on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BCi-NS1.1) induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The specific aims of the study were to investigate the ability of the quercetin-loaded LCNs and sm-LCNs to modulate cytokine production in response to LPS stimulation, and to determine the mechanisms of action of these formulations in modulating inflammation.
Ouyang et al., 2019 [43]	The objective of this study in vitro was to investigate the mechanisms of action of a nanomedical therapy called Gd2(CO3)3@PDA(Hes)-PEG-DWpeptide in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). This therapy is designed to protect cartilage and may have potential as a treatment for OA. The study aims to clearly illustrate the mechanisms of action of this therapy to understand how it works and potentially improve its effectiveness in treating OA.
Pang et al., 2019 [44]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles with different morphologies and sizes, as well as their biomolecule-loaded particles, on the inflammatory regulation of macrophage-like cells. This study aims to investigate how HAP particles with different morphologies and sizes, and biomolecule-loaded particles, may affect the inflammatory regulation of macrophage-like cells to understand their potential as a therapeutic intervention for inflammatory diseases.
Bei et al., 2020 [45]	The objective of this in vivo study was to evaluate the use of Wog NP to attenuate the cardio-protective role of Wog np against iso-induced myocardial infarction (MI). The specific aims of the study were to determine the ability of Wog np to protect against MI induced by iso and to investigate the mechanisms of action of Wog np in modulating cardiac injury and inflammation. The study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of Wog NP for the treatment of MI and other cardiovascular conditions.
Saha et al., 2020 [46]	The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin nanoparticles in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells against crystal-induced inflammation. Dendritic cells are a type of immune cell that play a crucial role in the immune response to infection and inflammation. The study aims to investigate whether quercetin nanoparticles can reduce inflammation in dendritic cells when they are exposed to crystals that are known to cause inflammation. The results of this study could potentially be used to develop a therapy using quercetin nanoparticles to treat inflammation.
Wang et al., 2020 [47]	The objective of this in vivo study is to improve the bioavailability and inflammation suppression potential of NAR by developing a novel self-nanomicellizing formulation containing NAR (RA-NAR). NAR is a compound that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, its bioavailability, or the amount of the compound that is absorbed and becomes active in the body, is relatively low.
Xu et al., 2020 [48]	The objective of this in vivo study is to investigate whether fisetin nanoparticles (FN) can inhibit PM2.5-induced metabolic disorder and neuroinflammation by regulating astrocyte-activation-related NF-κB signaling. Fisetin is a flavonoid that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. PM2.5 is a type of air pollution particle that has been linked to various health problems, including metabolic disorders and neuroinflammation. The researchers in this study aimed to investigate whether fisetin nanoparticles could inhibit the negative effects of PM2.5 on metabolism and the brain by regulating astrocyte activation-related NF-κB signaling.
F. Zhang et al., 2020 [49]	The objective of this study in vitro is to compare the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and brain distribution of a nasal micellar formulation of BE with the unformulated BE formulation administered orally in mice. BE is a compound that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. The study aims to investigate whether the nasal micellar formulation of BE, which is a type of drug-delivery system, is more effective at delivering BE to the body and brain than the unformulated BE administered orally.
L. Zhang et al., 2020 [50]	The objective of this study in vitro was to validate the concept of using PVP as the only excipient to solubilize KAE to form a stable nanoaqueous ophthalmic formulation. PVP is a polymer that can be used to solubilize, or dissolve, other compounds in aqueous solutions. KAE is a compound that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The formulation would be administered topically to the eye.
Diez-Echave et al., 2021 [51]	The objective of this in vivo study is to evaluate the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin when it is administered in silk fibroin nanoparticles in a mouse model of colitis. The study aims to investigate whether quercetin administered in silk fibroin nanoparticles can reduce inflammation in the intestine of mice with colitis.
Al-Shalabi et al., 2022 [52]	The objective of this in vivo study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of optimized nanoparticles with rhoifolin in vitro in murine macrophages and in vivo in a rat paw edema model. The researchers in this study aimed to optimize the synthesis and properties of nanoparticles and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. They likely synthesized the nanoparticles and tested their effects on murine macrophages in vitro, as well as in vivo in a rat paw edema model, which is a commonly used model to study inflammation.
He et al., 2022 [53]	The objective of this study in vitro was to evaluate the ability of ADEX wall material to establish a close connection between cells and QNMs, which may favor the uptake of QCT by macrophages and impact the antioxidant and inflammatory capacity. QNMs (quantum dot nanomaterials) are a type of nanomaterial that have unique optical and electronic properties due to their size and shape. ADEX wall material is a type of material that is used to coat surfaces and is known for its ability to interact with cells. The researchers in this study sought to investigate whether the interaction between ADEX wall material and QNMs could favor the uptake of QCT (quantum dot conjugates) by macrophages and impact their antioxidant and inflammatory capacity.
Li et al., 2022 [54]	The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate the inflammatory modulation effects of BE and a BE-adsorbed nanosystem in oral cells by targeting the canonical NF-kB pathway. BE is a compound that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. The study aims to investigate whether BE and a BE-adsorbed nanosystem can modulate inflammation in oral cells by targeting the canonical NF-kB pathway, which is a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of inflammation.
Mohamed et al., 2022 [55]	The objective of this in vitro study is to investigate the ability of a naringin-dextrin nanoformula (NDN) to enhance the therapeutic action of naringin against human liver cancer. Naringin is a flavonoid that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. The researchers in this study sought to develop a nanoformula containing naringin and dextrin in order to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic action of naringin.
Rodrigues et al., 2022 [56]	The objective of this study is to design ethyl cellulose porous nanosponges as a colloidal carrier for the topical delivery of hesperetin. Hesperetin is a flavonoid that has been shown to have various health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Ethyl cellulose is a type of polymer that is often used in drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and ability to form porous structures. The researchers in this study aimed to design ethyl cellulose porous nanosponges as a colloidal carrier for the topical delivery of hesperetin. The study likely involved synthesizing the ethyl cellulose nanosponges and incorporating hesperetin into them, and then testing their properties and effectiveness in in vitro models.
Tan et al., 2022 [57]	The objective of this in vivo study is to evaluate the anti-UC efficacy of LUT@TPGS-PBTE nanoparticles in a mouse model of colitis and explore the molecular mechanism and modulation of the pathological microenvironment of this system for UC treatment. LUT (luteolin) is a flavonoid that has been shown to have various health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. TPGS (d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) is a type of molecule that can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. PBTE (polybutylene terephthalate) is a type of polymer that is often used in drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and ability to form nanoparticles. The researchers in this study aimed to synthesize LUT@TPGS-PBTE nanoparticles and evaluate their anti-UC efficacy in a mouse model of colitis. UC (ulcerative colitis) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the colon.
Yang et al., 2022 [58]	The objective of this in vitro study is to characterize the properties of kaempferol-loaded fibroin nanoparticles and evaluate their bioreactive release, cytotoxicity, cell internalization, ROS scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory ability. Kaempferol is a flavonoid that has been shown to have various health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Fibroin is a protein that is found in silk and has been used as a material for drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The researchers in this study aimed to synthesize kaempferol-loaded fibroin nanoparticles and investigate their properties, including their bioreactive release, cytotoxicity, cell internalization, ROS scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory ability.

¹ References are listed in chronological order by year of publication. In the other tables, studies are separated based on in vitro or in vivo.