Table 4.
The role of encapsulated flavonoids in modulating cytokine activity.
| Reference | Cell Culture/Murine Model | Effect of Encapsulated Flavonoid on Cytokine Activity | |
|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | |||
| Kumar R. and Abraham, 2017 [37] | Macrophage cell line RAW264.7 | Downregulation IL-1β IL-6 TNF-α |
Naringenin nanoparticles downregulated the expressions of IL -6, IL-1β, and TNF–α, but no difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| J. Zhang et al., 2017 [38] | Primary pulmonary fibroblasts from Sprague Dawley rats | Downregulation IL-8 |
Apigenin nanoparticles had no effect on IL-6, selectively regulated the expression of IL-8, but no difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Firouzi-Amandi et al., 2018 [40] | Primary peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 mouse | Downregulation IL-1β IL 6 TNF-α |
Chyrsin nanoparticles effectively suppressed the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with a difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. encapsulated only |
| Cherk Yong et al., 2019 [42] | Bronchial epithelial cell line BCi-NS1.1 | Downregulation IL-1β IL-6 IL-8 |
Quercetin nanoparticles decrease the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, with a difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Ouyang et al., 2019 [43] | Primary chondrocytes from C57BL/6/ Bkl mice | Downregulation IL-1β |
Hesperetin nanoparticles inhibited IL-1β, but no difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. encapsulated only |
| Pang et al., 2019 [44] | Monocyte cell line THP-1, differentiated into macrophage cells | Downregulation IL-1β IL-6 TNF-α Upregulation IL-2 IL-10 |
Kaempferol-HAP only downregulated IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α with a significant difference between encapsulated Flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated and flavonoid alone |
| Saha et al., 2020 [46] | Primary dendritic CD11c positive cells from femurs of C57BL/6 mice | Downregulation IL-1β IL-6 TNFα |
Quercetin nanoparticles caused a decrease of IL-1 𝛽, IL-6, and TNF-𝛼, but only IL-6 has a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated |
| Xu et al., 2020 [48] | Primary astrocytes from C57BL/6 mice | Downregulation IL1β IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α |
Fisetin nanoemulsion 10 µg/L treatment has the ability to suppress IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 mRNA levels in PM2.5-induced cortex, a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. control, untreated cell |
| L. Zhang et al., 2020 [50] | Mouse microglia cell line BV-2 | Downregulation IL-6 TNF-α |
Baicalein nanoparticle decreased only IL-6 with a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. control, untreated cell |
| He et al., 2022 [53] | Murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 | Upregulate IL-10 |
Quercetin nanomicelles upregulate IL-10 in the LPS-induced cell inflammation model in vitro with better performances than free quercetin, a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. control, untreated cell |
| Li et al., 2022 [54] | Human gingival epithelial cell line hGECs | Downregulate IL-6 IL-8 |
Baicalein nanoparticles on decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 had a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Mohamed et al., 2022 [55] | Human liver cancer cell line HepG2 |
Downregulate IL-8. |
Naringin nanoparticles on IL-8 had significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Rodrigues et al., 2022 [56] | Macrophage cell line RAW264.7 | Downregulation IL-1β IL6 |
Hesperetin in nanospongues inhibit the expression of I IL-6 and IL-1β, significantly different between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Yang et al., 2022 [58] | Macrophage cell line RAW264.7 | Downregulate TNFα | Kaempherol nanoparticles were dose-dependent on TNF-α, with a significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| In vivo | |||
| Krishnan et al., 2017 [36] | Wistar strain albino rats, liver cancer model Dose: 20 mg/kg Administration route: intraperitoneal |
Downregulation TNF-α | Hesperetin nanoparticles significantly inhibit levels of TNFα with significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| H. Zhang et al., 2017 [39] | C57BL/6 mice, inflammation LPS model, kidney Dose: 10 and 20 mg/kg Administration route: oral |
Downregulation IL-1β IL6 IL-18 |
No effect on IL-10, but in IL1β, IL-6, IL-18 was significantly different between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| vanden Braber et al., 2018 [41] | C57BL/6 (B6) mice, inflammation model, luminal portion from colon Dose: 2.30 ± 0.20% (w/w) Administration route: Oral |
Downregulation IL-10 | Genistein nanoparticles have no significant differences between encapsulated flavonoid vs. encapsulated only |
| Bei et al., 2020 [45] | Adult male albino Wistar rats, heart tissue Dose: 25 and 50 mg/kg Administration route: oral |
Downregulation IL-1 β IL-6 TNF-α |
Wogonin nanoparticles in rodents decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α significantly different between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Wang et al., 2020 [47] | Adult male Sprague Dawley rats, small intestine injuries model Dose: 90 mg/kg Administration route: oral |
Downregulation IL-1β IL-6 |
Naringenin nanoparticles reduce IL-1β and IL-6, with no significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid and the unencapsulated flavonoid |
| F. Zhang et al., 2020 [49] | Healthy New Zealand white rabbits Dose: 5 μL of a solution containing 4.5 mg/mL of KAE, 90 mg/mL of 17PF and a sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution (1 mg/mL) six times daily Administration route: Corneal |
Downregulation IL-6 TGF-β1 |
Kaempferol nanocomplexes reduce IL-6 and TGF-β1 levels similar to free kaempferol, with significant differences between Encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Diez-Echave et al., 2021 [51] | Male C57BL/6J mice, model of mouse colitis Dose: 5 mg of quercetin/kg in 200 μL of PBS solution Administration route: Oral |
Downregulation Il-1β IL-6 TNF-α |
Quercetin nanoparticles decrease TNF-α, Il-1β, and IL-6 levels with significantly different between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Al-Shalabi et al., 2022 [52] | Male Wistar rat, paw edema model Dose: 10 mg kg−1
Administration route: Intraperitoneal |
Downregulation TNF-α IL-1β |
Rhoifolin in film decreases IL-1β and TNF-α, with no significant difference between encapsulated flavonoid vs. non-encapsulated flavonoid |
| Tan et al., 2022 [57] | Male Kunming mice, model of mouse colitis Dose: 2 mg/kg Administration route: Oral |
Downregulation IL2 IL6 IL17 TNFα Upregulation IL-10 |
Luteolin nanoparticles significantly upregulated IL-10 between encapsulated and non-encapsulated flavonoids, but in the inhibition of IL2, IL6, IL17 and TNFα there was no significant difference between encapsulated and non-encapsulated flavonoid. |