Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, overall and split by those who had cancer during follow-up and those who did not.
| Overall (n = 64,937) | Cancer during Follow-Up (n = 3763) | No Cancer during Follow-Up (n = 61,174) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
| Gender § | Male | 48,208 | (74.2) | 3001 | (79.8) | 45,207 | (73.9) | |
| Female | 16,674 | (25.7) | 761 | (20.2) | 15,913 | (26.0) | ||
| Transgender | 51 | (0.1) | 1 | (0.0) | 50 | (0.1) | ||
| Ethnicity | White | 36,711 | (56.5) | 2188 | (58.1) | 34,523 | (56.4) | |
| Black | 6279 | (9.7) | 173 | (4.6) | 6106 | (10.0) | ||
| Other | 2299 | (3.5) | 62 | (1.6) | 2237 | (3.7) | ||
| Unknown | 19,648 | (30.3) | 1340 | (35.6) | 18,308 | (29.9) | ||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 2636 | (4.1) | 209 | (5.6) | 2427 | (4.0) | |
| 18.5–<25 | 31,838 | (49.0) | 1954 | (51.9) | 29,884 | (48.9) | ||
| 25–<30 | 3323 | (5.1) | 165 | (4.4) | 3158 | (5.2) | ||
| 30+ | 12,402 | (19.1) | 770 | (20.5) | 11,632 | (19.0) | ||
| Unknown | 14,738 | (22.7) | 665 | (17.7) | 14,073 | (23.0) | ||
| Geographical Region a | Western Europe | 25,415 | (39.1) | 1626 | (43.2) | 23,789 | (38.9) | |
| Southern Europe | 11,630 | (18.8) | 684 | (18.2) | 10,946 | (17.9) | ||
| Northern Europe | 20,429 | (31.4) | 1286 | (34.1) | 19,143 | (31.3) | ||
| Eastern Europe | 6011 | (9.3) | 167 | (4.4) | 5844 | (9.6) | ||
| USA | 1452 | (2.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 1452 | (2.4) | ||
| Mode of HIV Acquisition | MSM | 29,410 | (45.3) | 1820 | (48.4) | 27,590 | (45.1) | |
| IDU | 8721 | (13.4) | 589 | (15.7) | 8132 | (13.3) | ||
| Heterosexual | 22,290 | (34.3) | 1103 | (29.3) | 21,187 | (34.6) | ||
| Other | 1380 | (2.1) | 83 | (2.2) | 1297 | (2.1) | ||
| Unknown | 3136 | (4.8) | 168 | (4.5) | 2968 | (4.9) | ||
| Smoking Status | Never | 16,340 | (25.2) | 809 | (21.5) | 15,531 | (25.4) | |
| Current | 23,836 | (36.7) | 1630 | (43.3) | 22,206 | (36.3) | ||
| Previous | 9874 | (15.2) | 697 | (18.5) | 9177 | (15.0) | ||
| Unknown | 14,887 | (22.9) | 627 | (16.7) | 14,260 | (23.3) | ||
| ART treatment history status | Naïve | 20,118 | (31.0) | 990 | (26.3) | 19,128 | (31.3) | |
| Experienced, VL < 200 cps/mL | 34,289 | (52.8) | 2040 | (54.2) | 32,249 | (52.7) | ||
| Experienced, VL ≥ 200 cps/mL | 9062 | (14.0) | 652 | (17.3) | 8410 | (13.7) | ||
| Experienced, unknown VL | 1468 | (2.3) | 81 | (2.2) | 1387 | (2.3) | ||
| Prior exposure to INSTIs | 1399 | (2.2) | 41 | (1.1) | 1358 | (2.2) | ||
| Prior exposure to PIs | 30,693 | (47.3) | 2150 | (57.1) | 28,543 | (46.7) | ||
| Prior exposure to NNRTIs | 30,478 | (46.9) | 1919 | (51.0) | 28,559 | (46.7) | ||
| Prior exposure to NRTIs | 25,788 | (39.7) | 1900 | (50.5) | 23,888 | (39.1) | ||
| Prior AIDS | No | 51,896 | (79.9) | 2735 | (72.7) | 49,161 | (80.4) | |
| Yes | 13,041 | (20.1) | 1028 | (27.3) | 12,013 | (19.6) | ||
| Hepatitis C b | No | 42,872 | (66.0) | 2528 | (67.2) | 40,344 | (65.9) | |
| Yes | 12,449 | (19.2) | 806 | (21.4) | 11,643 | (19.0) | ||
| Unknown | 9616 | (14.8) | 429 | (11.4) | 9187 | (15.0) | ||
| Hepatitis B c | No | 52,794 | (81.3) | 3157 | (83.9) | 49,637 | (81.1) | |
| Yes | 2703 | (4.2) | 206 | (5.5) | 2497 | (4.1) | ||
| Unknown | 9440 | (14.5) | 400 | (10.6) | 9040 | (14.8) | ||
| Hypertension d | No | 51,164 | (78.8) | 2765 | (73.5) | 48,399 | (79.1) | |
| Yes | 9632 | (14.8) | 859 | (22.8) | 8773 | (14.3) | ||
| Unknown | 4141 | (6.4) | 139 | (3.7) | 4002 | (6.5) | ||
| Diabetes e | No | 63,054 | (97.1) | 3561 | (94.6) | 59,493 | (97.3) | |
| Yes | 1883 | (2.9) | 202 | (5.4) | 1681 | (2.7) | ||
| Prior Cancer | No | 61,053 | (94.0) | 3438 | (91.4) | 57,615 | (94.2) | |
| Yes | 3122 | (4.8) | 302 | (8.0) | 2820 | (4.6) | ||
| Unknown | 762 | (1.2) | 23 | (0.6) | 739 | (1.2) | ||
| Dyslipidaemia f | No | 25,705 | (39.6) | 1085 | (28.8) | 24,620 | (40.2) | |
| Yes | 39,232 | (60.4) | 2678 | (71.2) | 36,554 | (59.8) | ||
| Continuous variables | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | ||
| Baseline date, month/year | 09/06 | (01/06, 01/12) | 01/06 | (01/06, 11/08) | 12/06 | (01/06, 01/12) | ||
| Age, years | 42 | (35, 49) | 48 | (41, 56) | 42 | (35, 49) | ||
| CD4 cell nadir, cells/mm3 g | 244 | (116, 400) | 194 | (77, 333) | 248 | (120, 401) | ||
| CD4 at baseline, cells/mm3 g | 470 | (312, 661) | 432 | (263, 635) | 472 | (315, 663) | ||
| VL at baseline, copies/mL | 50 | (49, 12400) | 50 | (49, 18986) | 50 | (46, 12100) | ||
| Total duration of previous ART for those who started ART, years | 6.5 | (2.5, 9.9) | 8.6 | (4.5, 11.8) | 6.4 | (2.5, 9.7) | ||
Abbreviations: MSM—men who have sex with men; IDU—intravenous drug user; ART—antiretroviral therapy; VL—viral load; cps—copies; INSTIs—integrase inhibitors, PIs—protease inhibitors; NRTIs—nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs—non-NRTIs; IQR—interquartile range; § Transgender was not collected in D:A:D; a Due to small numbers, Australia was combined with Northern Europe, and Eastern Central Europe combined with Eastern Europe. b Hepatitis C (HCV) was defined by use of anti-HCV medication, a positive HCV antibody test, a positive HCV RNA qualitative test, HCV RNA-VL > 615 IU/mL, and/or a positive genotype test [38]. c Hepatitis B (HBV) was defined by a positive HBV surface antigen and/or HBV DNA-VL > 357 IU/mL. d Hypertension was confirmed by use of anti-hypertensives at any time before baseline, or if the most recent systolic or diastolic blood pressure measurement before baseline was higher than 140 or 90 mmHg, respectively. e Diabetes was defined by a reported diagnosis, use of anti-diabetic medication, glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or ≥48 mmol/mol. f Dyslipidaemia was defined as total cholesterol > 239.4 mg/dL or HDL cholesterol < 34.7 mg/dL or triglyceride >203.55 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering treatments [39]. g CD4 count was taken as the most recent measurements in the 12 months prior to baseline. If no measurements were taken prior to baseline, the first measurement within 12 weeks after baseline was used, and CD4 cell nadir was recorded as the same as CD4 count at baseline. Less than 5% of individuals had prior cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or end-stage liver disease at baseline.