Table 2.

A summary of the important molecular and functional effects of CK2 inhibition in AML cells; an overview of the molecular effects and modulation of organellar functions [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68]. The effects are discussed in more detail in Section 6.1, Section 6.2, Section 6.3, Section 6.4 and Section 6.5.

Pathway/Function	Molecules/Mechanism
Regulators of apoptosis	Increased proapoptotic effect of p53 Disrupted mitochondrial potential with increased release of cytochrome c and Diablo to cytosol Cleavage of caspases 3/8/9 Decreased levels of proapoptotic Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, Xiap, and survivin
Intracellular signaling	Decreased Akt phosphorylation and decreased levels of Wnt1, β-cathenin, the Lrp6 coreceptor, and Dvl Decreased p65, Mek1, and Erk1/2 phosphorylation
Cell cycle	Accumulation of cells in S and M phase
Transcriptional regulation	Reduced phosphorylation and subcellular localization of Foxo3a with increased redistribution to the nucleus Decreased NFκB, Stat3, and Ikaros phosphorylation
Epigenetic regulation and DNA repair	Increased activity of p53 Downregulation of the epigenetic regulator Bmi1 Histone modulation (methylation/acetylation) by Ikaros