Table 2.
Photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photoimmunotherapy.
| Investigations for CCA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Photosensitizer | Potential Indications | Activation Wavelength |
Human | Animal | In Vitro | LED Effect |
LED Wavelength |
Reports Regarding CCA * |
| Photodynamic therapy (PDT) | ||||||||
| HPD (partially purified) porfimer sodium |
Cervical, endobronchial, oesophageal, bladder, gastric cancers, brain tumor, bile duct cancer |
630 nm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 620–650 nm | [60,61,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] |
| Phosphorus tetraphenylporphyrin | Bile duct cancer | 610 nm | ✓ | ✓ | 610 nm | [72,73,74] | ||
| m-THPC (Temoporfin) | Head and neck, prostate, pancreas, lung, skin, bile duct cancer | 652 nm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [62,75] | ||
| Phthalocyanine-4 | Cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions from diverse solid tumor origins, bile duct cancer |
670 nm | ✓ | ✓ | [63] | |||
| Taporfin sodium (Talaporfin, NPe6) | Lung, liver metastasis, pancreas, colon, brain cancer, bile duct cancer, solid tumors from diverse origins | 664 nm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 660 nm | [64,65,66,73] |
| Chlorine e6 derivatives | Nasopharyngeal, sarcoma, brain, pancreaticobiliary malignancies | 660 nm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [67,68,75] | ||
| Chlorin I/chlorin II | Bile duct cancer | 650 nm | ✓ | ✓ | [69] | |||
| Nanoparticle albumin-bound mTHPC | Bile duct cancer | 652 nm | ✓ | [70] | ||||
| ITLs encapsulating ZnPC and AlPC | Breast, bile duct cancer | 671 nm | ✓ | [71] | ||||
| 5-ALA | Basal-cell carcinoma, head and neck, gynaecological tumors brain, bladder tumors | 635 nm 375–400 nm |
||||||
| 5-ALA-methylesther | Basal-cell carcinoma | 635 nm | ||||||
| 5-ALA benzylesther | Gastrointestinal cancer | 635 nm | ||||||
| 5-ALA hexylesther | Bladder tumors | 375–400 nm | ||||||
| Boronated protoporphyrin | Brain tumors | 630 nm | ||||||
| BPD-MA (benzoporphyrin) | Basal-cell carcinoma | 689 nm | ||||||
| HPPH | Basal-cell carcinoma, head and neck, esophagus, lung cancer | 665 nm | ||||||
| Lutetium texaphyrin | Cervical, prostate and brain tumours | 732 nm | ||||||
| Motexafin lutetium (Mlu) | Prostate cancer | 732 nm | ||||||
| Padeliporfin | Prostate cancer | 762 nm | ||||||
| Redaporfin | Head and neck cancer | 749 nm | ||||||
| Silicon phthalocyanine | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | 675 nm | ||||||
| SnET2 | Cutaneous metastatic breast cancer, basal-cell carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, prostate cancer | 664 nm | ||||||
| Verteporfin | Skin, pancreas cancer | 690 nm | ||||||
| Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) | ||||||||
| IR700 (IRDye 700DX N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) | Head and neck can, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, bile duct cancer | 690 nm | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 680–700 nm | [88,89] | |
CCA—cholangiocarcinoma; LED—light emitting diode; HPD—hematoporphyrin derivative; m-THPC—metatetrahydroxyphenylchlorin = temoporfin; ITLs—Interstitially targeted liposomes; ZnPC—zinc phthalocyanine; AIPC—aluminum phthalocyanine; 5-ALA—5-aminolevulinic acid; BPD-MA—benzoporphyrin derivative-monoacid ring A; HPPH—2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-alpha; SnET2—tin ethyl etiopurpurin; * Brackets include reference numbers. ✓ indicates the existence of previous reports.