Table 1.

Participant demographics, opioid dose, biochemistry, and hematology results for opioid switch and control groups.

Characteristic	Control Group (n = 23)	Switch Group (n = 31)
Male Gender, n (%)	12 (50)	20 (59)
Age (years), median (IQR)	69 (60.5–75.5)	61 (49–70)
Australian Karnofsky Performance Score (AKPS), median (IQR)	50 (40–60)	60 (50–70)
Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, median (IQR)	9 (8–9.5)	8 (6–9)
Average metastasis sites per patient	2	2
Cancer Type	n (%)	n (%)
Lung	6 (25)	10 (32)
Breast	5 (21)	2 (6)
Upper GIT	5 (21)	4 (13)
Lower GIT	1 (4)	7 (23)
Prostate	3 (13)	2 (6)
Head and Neck	0 (0)	3 (10)
Other (primary CNS, hematological, bone/soft tissue, urological, and adenocarcinoma of unknown primary)	4 (17)	3 (10)
Metastases Sites *	n (%)	n (%)
Bone	13 (54)	19 (56)
Lymph notes	7 (29)	13 (38)
Liver	8 (33)	9 (26)
Lung	5 (21)	5 (15)
Central nervous system	5 (21)	3 (9)
Peritoneal	1 (4)	6 (18)
Soft tissue	1 (4)	2 (6)
Other/unknown	3 (13)	4 (12)
Total metastasis sites	43	61
Previous Cancer Treatments	n (%)	n (%)
Surgery	8 (33)	15 (44)
Radiotherapy	18 (75)	24 (71)
Systemic therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy)	18 (75)	25 (74)
None	2 (8)	2 (6)
Blood Results	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	90 (84.5–90)	90 (87–90)
Albumin (g/L)	28 (23.5–33)	30 (23–34)
GGT (IU/L)	105 (32–285)	64 (28–119)
AST (IU/L)	41.5 (28–53)	21 (18–31)
ALT (IU/L)	28 (19–48)	17 (11–32)
CRP (mg/L)	55 (19.1–126.5)	72.7 (30.8–108)
Hb (g/L)	105 (92–112)	105.5 (94–117)
WCC (x109/L)	8.4 (5.7–10.7)	8.9 (6.3–11.2)
	T0   T1	T0   T1
Total opioid dose last 24 h (mg), median (IQR)	135   180 (60–230) (67.5–300)	120   207.5 (65–240) (80–348.8)

* Each participant can have >1 metastasis sites.