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. 2023 Jul 24;25(7):1106. doi: 10.3390/e25071106
Outline: Reasoning Fundamental Laws and “No Hope” for the 2LT Challengers
1. Introduction
2. Ubiquity and Conjugation of “Energy Forcing and Displacement”
3. Reasoning Logical-proofs of the Fundamental laws
4. Ubiquity of Thermal-motion and Heat, “Thermal roughness” and Indestructibility of Entropy
   4.1. Ubiquity of Thermal-motion, Thermal-energy and Heat, Temperature and Entropy
   4.2. Thermal particles, “Thermal Virtual-particles,” and “Thermal-moles” or Dimensionless entropy
   4.3. Thermal-energy is Distinguished part of Internal-energy - “Pond analogy” demystified
   4.4. Thermal-Roughness Ubiquity, and Inevitability of Thermal-Friction
   4.5. Inevitability and Conjugation of Work-dissipation and Entropy-generation
   4.6. Irreversibility of Entropy-generation and Indestructibility of Entropy - Essence of the 2LT
5. Carnot Maximum Efficiency, Reversible Equivalency, and Work Potential
   5.1. Carnot Cycle Maximum Efficiency: Proof by Contradiction-Impossibility
   5.2. Carnot Cycle, Carnot Efficiency, and Carnot Equality (CtEq)
   5.3. Carnot “Reverse-cycle” and Thermodynamic “Reversible Equivalency”
   5.4. Work-potential, Formation-work, and Exergy
6. Thermal Transformers: Carnot-Clausius Heat-Work Reversible-Equivalency (CCHWRE)
  6.1. Thermal Transformers and CCHWRE
   6.2. Proof of Ideal-gas Equation-of-state and CCHWE Confirmation
   6.3. Reversible-cycles are 100%-efficient: Carnot-efficiency is essentially the “Measure of Heat-WP”
7. “No Hope” for the Challengers of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (2LT)
  7.1. “Perpetual-Motion Watch” Deceptive Example
   7.2. Three “Primary Deception structures” of hypothetical violation of the 2LT
   7.3. “Experimental test of a Thermodynamic-paradox” Demystified
8. Conclusions
   In summary, the Second Law of Thermodynamics (2LT)
References and Notes