Table 3.
Outcome measure means at pre- and post-intervention.
| Measure | Group Mean (SD) | t Value | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 (N = 41) | Time 2 (N = 41) | |||
| HADS Depression | 7.44 (4.34) | 5.39 (3.49) | 3.80 *** | 0.59 |
| HADS Anxiety | 10.71 (4.09) | 8.49 (3.08) | 4.30 *** | 0.67 |
| PACS Total | 58.52 (12.51) | 63.46 (13.19) | −3.55 ** | −0.56 |
| PACS Problems in Family Communication | 27.21 (6.62) | 29.15 (6.60) | −2.09 * | −0.33 |
| PACS Open Family Communication | 31.32 (8.23) | 34.32 (8.09) | −4.10 *** | −0.64 |
| SCORE-15 Strengths and Adaptability | 2.45 (0.82) | 2.22 (0.69) | 2.19 * | 0.34 |
| SCORE-15 Overwhelmed by Difficulties | 2.61 (0.93) | 2.53 (0.78) | 0.67 | 0.10 |
| SCORE-15 Disrupted Communication | 2.42 (0.78) | 2.29 (0.56) | 1.26 | 0.20 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; Cohen’s [36] effect size d: small ≥0.2; medium ≥0.5; large ≥0.8; HADS clinical cut-offs: 0–7 (Normal); 8–10 (Mild); 11–15 (Moderate); 16–21 (Severe).