Table 3.
Articles considered in the literature review.
| Articles | Objective | MoCS and Kinematics (Movements) | Reference System | Time (Days or Months) |
Age and Sample Size | Surgery | Region of the Body | Comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lang et al., 2022 [8] | Scapular kinematics and impingement pain during an overhead reach task | Vicon motion System (optoelectronic system) Functional movement (overhead reaching task) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) (torso cluster) | >6 months after surgery | 35–65 years old n = 95 |
Mastectomy and reconstruction post-mastectomy | Scapula (internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation and anterior/posterior tilt) | Control healthy group; Mastectomy group; Reconstruction group |
| Crosbie et al., 2010 [2] | Shoulder girdle kinematics and control group | Motion star wireless (electromagnetic system) Forward flexion, abduction, movement in the scapular plane |
Local coordinate system, 6-degree-of-freedom | >12 months after surgery | 44–88 years old n = 75 |
Mastectomy | Scapulothoracic (upward/downward rotation, internal/external rotation, anterior/posterior tilt). Trunk (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, axial rotation of thoracic and lumbar region) |
Control healthy group; Mastectomy dominant side; Mastectomy nondominant side |
| Shamley et al., 2012 [26] | Impact of a mastectomy vs. a wide local excision | 3 Space Fastrak (electromagnetic system) Elevation and depression arm in the scapular plane |
ISB standard (thorax, scapula, humerus) | 1143.81 (534.77) days after surgery | 61.6 (9.1) years old n = 176 |
Mastectomy and wide local excision | Scapula (internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation and anterior/posterior tilt) |
Mastectomy group; Wide local excision group (Both left and right affected sides) |
| García-González et al., 2022 [9] | Shoulder kinematics before and after mastectomy | Vicon Nexus System (optoelectronic system) Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movement |
Three orthogonal coordinate axes systems (torso, left and right arms) | <15 days before surgery 60 days after surgery |
46.7 (8.2) years old n = 15 |
Mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection | Glenohumeral joint (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) | Mastectomy group before and after surgery |
| Corrado et al., 2018 [21] | Effects of home exercise program on upper limb function | SMART-DX (optoelectronic system) Functional task (hand-to-mouth, reaching-arm, hand-to-head) ROM task (shoulder flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, elbow flexión/extension) |
International shoulder groups (ISB) protocol | 1 and 3 months after surgery | 55.8 mean age n = 30 |
Modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection | Shoulder and elbow (movement duration and angular velocity) | Patients without home exercise program; Patients with home exercise program |
| Shamley et al., 2009 [11] | Scapulothoracic kinematics between affected and unaffected side | The Polhemus Fastrak (electromagnetic system) Humeral elevation and depression in the scapular plane |
ISB protocol (orientation of the scapula relative to the trunk) | 1144 (537) mean days after surgery | 61.8 (8.9) mean years n = 152 |
Mastectomy and wide local excision | Scapula (protaction/retraction, lateral/medial rotation, anterior/posterior tilt) |
Affected side left and right; Unaffected side left and right |
| Balzarini et al., 2006 [19] | Alterations in postural strategies due to increased weight and volume of the arm due to lymphedema | ELITE 2002 (optoelectronic system) Shoulder retroposition and abduction movements |
Global coordinate system, trajectories (X, Y, Z) of the markers | The evaluation time after the mastectomy is not clear. | 58.9 mean age n = 17 |
Quadrantectomy and modified radical mastectomy | ROM of the shoulder girdle and the affected arm. | Unaffected side in the mastectomy group |
| Baran et al., 2021 [6] | Breast cancer-related lymphedema on shoulder girdle kinematics | Flock of birds (Electromagnetic system) Elevation in the scapular plane |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | 32.5 (26.8) mean months since surgery | 50.9 (7.3) mean age n = 67 |
Modified radical or radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection | Scapula (internal-external rotation, upward-downward rotation and anterior-posterior tilt) | Non lymphedema group; Moderate lymphedema group; Severe lymphedema group |
| Braudy et al., 2022 [22] | Kinematics between women with and without axillary web syndrome | Polhemus 3Space FASTRAK (electromagnetic system) Arm forward flexion, scapular plane abduction, coronal plane abduction |
ISB recommendations | >5 years after surgery | 54 (10) Mean age at surgery n = 25 |
Lumpectomy, mastectomy, and axillary surgery | Scapulothoracic (internal and upward rotation and posterior tilt) Humerothoracic (elevation, elevation plane, and axial rotation) |
Axillary web syndrome; Non-axillary web syndrome |
| Lang et al., 2020 [12] | Scapular upward rotation and scapulohumeral rhythm during arm elevation | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Three elevations in frontal, scapular, and sagittal plane. Functional task (overhead reach, overhead lift, and fingertip dexterity) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | 50.9 (45.7) mean months since surgery | 53.1 (5.5) mean age n = 50 |
Mastectomy and lymph node removal | Scapula (upward rotation) and Scapulohumeral rhythm |
Non-cancer controls group; Breast cancer survivors group (pain and no pain) |
| Lang et al., 2019 [1] | Torso and shoulder kinematics during common task | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Work-related functional task (overhead reach, repetitive reach, fingertip dexterity, hand and forearm dexterity, waist to overhead lift, overhead work) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | 42.5 (41.6) months since surgery | 52.8 (5.4) mean age n = 50 |
Mastectomy and lymph node removal | Torso (flexion/extension, lateral flexion/extension, axial rotation) Thoracohumeral (abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, internal/external rotation) Scapula (protraction/retraction, upward/downward rotation, anterior/posterior tilt) |
Breast cancer survivors (with and without impingement pain) group; Control group |
| Lang et al., 2022 [18] | Accuracy of the AMC (acromion marker cluster) for scapula motion tracking | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Humeral elevation in frontal plane |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | 56.8 (4.7) months since mastectomy | 54.1 (5.2) mean age n = 50 |
Mastectomy | Scapula (protraction, rotation, and tilt) | Breast cancer survivors group; Control group |
| Brookham et al., 2018 [4] | Humerothoracic, scapulothoracic kinematics in functional dynamic task | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Task of shoulder ROM, ADL task (personal body care activities), and work task (reaching task with and without loads) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | >3 months after completing treatment | 59.4 (9.7) mean age n = 50 |
Mastectomy, lumpectomy, axillar node dissection | Scapulothoracic (upward/downward rotation, anterior/posterior tilt, retraction/protraction) Humerothoracic angle (elevation angle; plane of elevation: flexion, abduction; external/internal rotation) |
Affected side group; Unaffected side group |
| Maciukiewicz et al., 2022 [23] | Range of motion and strength follow breast cancer treatment | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Arm flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, scapular abduction, and internal–external rotation |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics | >1 year after surgery | 53.9 (10.3) mean age n = 29 |
Any form of surgical procedure for breast tumor removal | Humerothoracic joint range of motion (flexion, extension, scapular abduction, abduction, internal and external rotation) | One year of treatment ending group; Between one and two years after treatment ended group |
| Ribeiro et al., 2019 [5] | Scapular kinematics during elevation of the arm | Flock of birds (Electromagnetic system) Elevation of the arm in the scapular plane |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics | 24.2 (20.5) median months since surgery | 50.2 (9.8) mean age n = 42 |
Conserving surgery or mastectomy | Scapula (internal/external rotation, upward rotation, anterior/posterior tilt) | Control group; Surgery group |
| Lang et al., 2022 [7] | Breast reconstruction on kinematics during functional task | Vicon Motion System (Optoelectronic system) Maximum arm abduction and extension. Additionally, functional task (right and left repetitive reach, right and left fingertip dexterity, overhead lift, and overhead work) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) | 56.8 (42.1) mean months after surgery | 54.0 (5.1) mean age n = 95 |
Mastectomy, reconstruction post-mastectomy, and lymph node removal | Shoulder range of motion (abduction and extension). Thoracohumeral (abduction, horizontal flexion, axial rotation). Additionally, scapular (protraction/retraction, upward/downward rotation, anterior/posterior tilt) |
Control group; Mastectomy-only group; Mastectomy with reconstruction |
| Lopot et al., 2019 [24] | Extent of breathing movements of the thoracic and abdominal wall | Qualisys (Optoelectronic kinematic analyzer) Mild and deep breath |
Global coordinate system, trajectories (X, Y, Z) | >5 years after surgery | 64.5 average age n = 12 |
Total breast mastectomy | Thoracic and abdominal wall | Control health group; Mastectomy group |
| Spinelli et al., 2016 [27] | Range of motion during functional task | Liberty Polhemus (electromagnetic system) Functional task (unweighted and weighted overhead reaching, and simulated hair combing) |
Recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics | 29.4 (10.8) mean months since surgery | 53.8 (10.9) mean age n = 60 |
Lumpectomy, mastectomy, and lymph node surgery | Scapulothoracic range of motion (elevation, internal/external rotation, clavicular elevation/retraction, upward rotation, posterior til) Glenohumeral range of motion (adduction, external rotation) |
Control group; Breast cancer treatment group |
| Rundquist et al., 2015 [20] | Lymphedema and decreased range of motion | The Motion Monitor 3D (electromagnetic system) Shoulder flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation |
Local coordinate system. | 72.3 (64.3) mean months from surgery | 57.8 (10.1) mean age n = 30 |
Mastectomy | Shoulder range of motion (flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation) | Involved upper extremity; Uninvolved upper extremity |
| Shamley et al., 2014 [25] | Muscle activity and movement deviations | The 3 Space Fastrak (electromagnetic system) Arm elevation and depression in the scapular plane |
International Shoulder Group (ISG) protocol | 1143.8 (534.7) mean days after surgery | 61.6 (9.1) mean age n = 176 |
Mastectomy and wide local excision | Scapula (internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation, anterior/posterior tilt) |
Affected side left and right; Unaffected side left and right |